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What’s Next in Art Education? Dieser Frage möchte ich mit einer Beobachtung von Bewegungen (turn und shift) und einem praktischen Beispiel aus der Lehre -begegnen. „Shift“ wird übersetzt mit „verschieben, -wegschieben, versetzen, verstellen, verändern, verlegen, wechseln […]“; „turn“ mit „drehen, wenden, kehren, wechseln, verwandeln, umwandeln, umändern, umtauschen […]“2. Innerhalb aktueller Entwicklungen in den Feldern der Kunst, Pädagogik und Kunstpädagogik ist derzeit weniger ein Ablösen eines bestehenden Paradigmas (turn) zu beobachten, als vielmehr ein Abwandeln von bestehenden Mustern und Ordnungen (shift).
#turning
„turns“ werden den Geisteswissenschaften seit der Postmoderne in regelmäßigen Abständen und zu unterschiedlichsten Aspekten ausgerufen, wie der „linguistic turn“, der 1967 von dem Wissenschaftstheoretiker Gustav Bergmann in einer gleichnamigen Anthologie Richard Rortys proklamiert wurde3, oder der von W. J. T. Mitchell 1992 initiierte „pictorial turn“4, 1994 lenkt Gottfried Boehm mit dem „iconic turn“5 den Blick auf die „Wiederkehr der Bilder“, welcher auch in der deutschsprachigen Kunstpädagogik rezipiert wurde. Doch es gibt noch weitaus mehr turns: acoustic, emotional, material, spatial, tacit, performative – um nur einige Beispiele zu nennen. Seit den 90er Jahren, schreibt Nora Sternfeld, „haben wir6 uns als kritische KunstvermittlerInnen daran gewöhnt, dass in fast jeder neuen Saison ein neuer Trend zu einem weiteren kulturwissenschaftlichen turn ausgerufen wird“7. Der „educational turn“8 in der kuratorischen Theorie und Praxis kam 2007 mit der documenta 12 und deren Frage „Was tun?“ auf. Irit Rogoff fragt 2008 im Zuge dessen nach der Figur eines turns „[o]der sprechen wir von einer aktiven Bewegung, einem generativen Moment, in dem prozessual ein neuer Horizont hervorgebracht wird, der die bisherige Praxis, die den Ausgangspunkt bildete, hinter sich lässt?“9
Auch Schule unterliegt derzeit vielen, sehr unterschiedlich motivierten Reformen, die als Paradigmenwechsel beschrieben werden können – sei es die Frage nach kompetenzorientierten Curricula, die sich seit -einigen Jahren auch im Fach Kunst stellt10, oder die Forderung nach der Schule als berufsvorbereitende Institution. Doch inwiefern ist der immerwährende Wandel, die Figur des turns (Wende) nicht schon Teil des Systems von Wissensgenerierung geworden?
Während Irit Rogoff die Wende des bestehenden Wissens um den von Michel Foucault aufgebrachten Begriff der „Parrhesia“ als Modell vorschlagen möchte, merkt Nora Sternfeld kritisch an, dass auch solche, scheinbar anderes Wissen ermöglichende Wendungen, die durch ihre regelmäßige Wiederkehr im kulturellen Feld schon geradezu institutionalisiert stattfinden, „gouvernementale Funktion“11 haben können. Sie zeigt auf, dass der -regelmäßige Wechsel einen beständigen Zwang auf Lernende und Lehrende ausübt, die sich immer wieder dem neuen und zugleich kurzfristigen Wechsel der Perspektive adaptieren „die dazu einlädt, Bestehendes gerne zurückzulassen, Deregulierungen und Prekarisierungen zu akzeptieren und jedenfalls ständig beweglich und bereit zu sein.“12 Sie regt an, sich weder gegen solch wiederkehrenden und zugleich immer neuen Wandel zu stellen; noch sich jeder Veränderung zu ergeben. Nora Sternfeld nimmt mit ihrem Text „Segeln“ Bezug auf Irit Rogoffs Text „Wenden“, wobei die Titel programmatisch auf die Bewegung turn referieren. Auch deshalb endet Sternfelds Text mit dem Hinweis, innerhalb des Drucks nach Wandel nach der „möglichen Richtung der Veränderung“ zu fragen – „Und wenn sich dann etwas bewegt, dann gilt es, den Wind aufzunehmen und zu segeln.“13
#shift
Das Bild des Segelns aufnehmend, wäre eine Wende als das Ändern der Richtung durch das Drehen des Bootes in den Wind zu beschreiben. Entweder dreht sich der Bug (Wende) oder das Heck (Halse) in den Wind. Eine Halse ist zumeist zwar rascher auszuführen, aber ungleich gefährlicher, vor allem da sich das Großsegel beim Richtungswechsel der Kontrolle entzieht. Eine -besondere Form der Halse ist die Schifte, bei der die -Stellung der Segel verändert wird, ohne den Kurs zu -verlassen. Das Boot ändert nicht die Richtung, hat aber insofern gewendet, als sich die Stellung der Segel ver-ändert hat, um den Wind besser nutzen zu können. -Dieses Manöver erfordert das Geschick der Besatzung. Solche geschickten, den Wind aufnehmenden Dreh-ungen, ohne eine „Wende“ auszurufen, sind im kunstpädagogischen Feld zu beobachten. Viele davon sind im vorliegenden Buch versammelt. Auf die Frage, was das „Nächste“ in der Kunstpädagogik sei, möchte ich deshalb nicht den nächsten „turn“ in der Vermittlung von und der pädagogisch motivierten Auseinandersetzung mit Kunst beschreiben, sondern vielmehr bemerken, dass mögliche Richtungen der Veränderung als vermeintlich kleine Bewegungen im Einzelnen bereits wahrnehmbar sind. María Acaso, die eingangs zitierte Professorin für Kunstpädagogik in Madrid, spricht von „microrrevoluciones“14, innerhalb derer ein Paradigmenwechsel innerhalb von vielen kleinen Schritten innerhalb eines bestehenden Systems statt findet. Diese Bewegung, und das halte ich für entscheidend, verortet sie bei den Kunstlehrer_innen.
#Fragen
Im Kontext von Seminaren zu Konzeptionen aktueller Kunstpädagogik15 habe ich mich gefragt, welche Fragen sich eigentlich gerade diejenigen stellen, die in einigen Jahren selbst Kunstlehrer_innen werden. Mit Irit Rogoff, die im Projekt „A.C.A.D.E.M.Y.“ eine entsprechende Frage16 aufwirft, möchte ich wissen: „Was können wir von diesem Seminar lernen über das hinaus, was es uns lehren will?“
Damit Teilnehmer_innen am Seminar potenziell auch solche Fragen stellen können, die eine Kritik am Seminar darstellen, haben die Studierenden zunächst einander befragt und in einem zweiten Schritt mehrere eigene oder gehörte Fragen auf Karteikarten notiert. So wurde eine gewisse Anonymität hergestellt. Die Fragen wurden gemeinsam thematisch sortiert. Per Abstimmung (pro Person wurden je 3 Post-its vergeben) wurden inhaltliche Schwerpunkte gebildet, die Grundlage für weiter zu bearbeitende Fragen waren. Hier einige Beispiele: Wie frei sind wir später noch? Wie kann ich Kunst vermitteln, die mir nicht gefällt? Was sollen Inhalte des Kunstunterrichts sein? Wie soll ich Kinder ermutigen, das zu machen, was sie können und was sie interessiert, wenn ich selbst nicht weiß, was ich kann? Wie hacke ich einen Lehrplan? Was interessiert eigentlich Schüler_innen am Kunstunterricht? Was ist ein ein/e schwierige/r Schüler_in? Was heißt eigentlich „kritisch“? Wer spricht wie über Kunst? Wie sieht die Zukunft des Kunstunterrichts in Bremen aus? Was hat Kunstunterricht mit science fiction zu tun? Wie entstehen Lehrpläne? Wie hinterfrage ich Kanon? Inwieweit kann ich die Wirkung meines Kunstunterrichts einschätzen? Wie werde ich eine gute Kunstlehrerin? Wann und warum wurde eigentlich Zeichnen lernen in der Schule relevant? Was sollen wir in diesem Seminar lernen?17
Innerhalb des Seminars „What’s Next? Aktuelle Positionen der Kunstpädagogik“ an der Universität Bremen erarbeiteten Studierende der Kunstpädagogik und -vermittlung anhand der Inhalte von „What’s Next? Kunst nach der Krise“18 Fragen an ihr zukünftiges Berufsfeld Kunstlehrer_in oder Kunstvermittler_in, beispielsweise: Wie können Schulklassen über weite Entfernungen hinweg -zusammenarbeiten? Wie geht Kunstunterricht in anderen -Ländern, zum Beispiel in Island, der Türkei oder den Niederlanden? Wie stellen sich andere die zukünftige Kunst vor? Wem „gehören“ künstlerische Arbeiten, die sich auf die Methode der Partizipation berufen und eigentlich von anderen Leuten als der Künstlerin selbst erstellt werden? Lässt sich so etwas im Kunstunterricht wiederholen – und wer darf dann welche Ergebnisse mit nach Hause nehmen? Wie, finden Grundschulkinder, sollte Kunstunterricht zukünftig sein?19
Diese und andere Fragen wurden innerhalb der Seminare thematisiert und bearbeitet, indem etwa der 52. Kunstpädagogische Kongress pre-enacted, Literatur zu Rate gezogen oder Biografisches referiert, Werkstätten inszeniert, Kolleg_innen interviewt oder im Seminar zu Themen und Materialien experimentiert wurde.20 Dass es dabei zu eindeutigen Antworten kam, ist zu bezweifeln. Wohl kam es zu ernsthaften Auseinandersetzungen und Erkenntnissen. Warum das mit einem „shift“ zu tun hat, dazu möchte ich wiederum Irit Rogoff zitieren: „Nun, ich würde Ihnen antworten, der Sinn jeder Form von kritischer oder theoretischer Betätigung zielt nie in erster Linie auf die Lösung des Problems, sondern stets auf ein geschärftes Bewusstsein der betrachteten Situation.“21 Und aus diesem Bewusstsein heraus können erneut Antworten generiert werden, die innerhalb des jeweiligen Systems wirken können. Womöglich waren sie nur für diese eine Situation gültig und können somit nicht zum Kanon werden – und können ihn damit zugleich herausfordern.22 Zum Beispiel, indem wir (Lernende, Lehrende) uns mehr dem Fragen als dem Antworten zuwenden. Fragen, deren Antworten zukünftig gefunden werden wollen.
Schiften, gemeint als Verschiebungen in den Bedeutungsebenen und Wirklichkeiten der Beteiligten in den Institutionen, findet bereits statt. So sollte das unverfügbare Spiel der Unterschiede23 vor dem Hintergrund eines immer wieder in die Krise geratenden Wissens vielmehr als transformatorischer Prozess aufgefasst werden, in dem nicht nur eine Wende (turn) möglich ist, – sondern in der Figur des deutlich leichtfüßigeren „shifts“, einer Verlagerung, die sich an vielen Stellen bereits bemerkbar macht – in der Pädagogik, in der Kunst, konkret im Kunstunterricht, in der Kunstvermittlung.
1.) Übersetzung aus dem Spanischen G. K., zitiert nach einem Interview in „El Tiempo“ am 4.10.2014. www.eltiempo.com/estilo-de-vida/educacion/la-educadora-espanola-maria-acaso-en-entrevista-con-el-tiempo/14640255 [22.11.2014]
2.) Cassells Wörterbuch Deutsch – Englisch, Englisch – Deutsch, München 1957 (1976), o. S..
3.) Richard Rorty (Ed.), The linguistic turn: essays in philosophical method. Chicago/London 1967/1992 und Gustav Bergmann, „Two Types of Linguistic Philosophy“, in: Ders., The Metaphysics of Logical Positivism, New York u. a. 1952.
4.) W. J. T. Mitchell, „The Pictorial Turn“, Artforum 30 (März), 1992, S. 89–94.
5.) Gottfried Boehm, „Die Wiederkehr der Bilder“, in: Ders. (Hg.), Was ist ein Bild? München 1994, S. 11–38.
6.) Im Originaltext ist hier eine Fußnote, in der Nora Sternfeld die in ihrem Text folgende Nutzung des Begriffs „wir“ weiter ausführt.
7.) Nora Sternfeld, „Segeln“, in: Beatrice Jaschke, Nora Sternfeld (Hg.), educational turn. Handlungsräume in der Kunst- und Kulturvermittlung. Wien 2012, S. 117–130, hier S. 117.
8.) Vgl. 16 Beaver Group (Hg.), Curating and the Educational Turn, Amsterdam/London 2010 und Jaschke/Sternfeld (Hg.), educational turn, Wien 2012.
9.) Irit Rogoff: „Wenden“. In: Beatrice Jaschke / Nora Sternfeld (Hg.), educational turn. Handlungsräume in der Kunst – und Kulturvermittlung. Wien 2012, S. 27–53, S. 28.
10.) Vgl. hierzu ENVIL (European Network of Visual Literacy), http://envil.eu [22.12.2014]
11.) Sternfeld 2012, a. a. O., S. 119.
12.) Ebd., S. 124.
13.) Ebd., S. 127.
14.) Vgl. María Acaso, rEDUvolution. Hacer la revolución en la educación. Barcelona 2013.
15.) Vgl. http://aligblok.de/lehre [22.12.2014].
16.) Original: „Was können wir von dem Museum lernen, jenseits von dem, was es uns intendiert zu lehren?“ In: Irit Rogoff, „Wenden“, in: Jaschke/Sternfeld 2012, S. 27–53, hier S. 33.
17.) Vgl. http://aligblok.de/fragen [22.12.2014]
18.) Johannes M. Hedinger, Torsten Meyer (Hg.), What’s Next? Kunst nach der Krise. Berlin 2013.
19.) Vgl. Alia, Elisa, Jale, Linda, Ronny, Safraz, Zakiya mit Nicola Tesch, „Manifest für den Kunstunterricht der Zukunft“, in diesem Band.
20.) Ergebnisse: http://aligblok.de/lehre/ [22.12.2014]
21.) Irit Rogoff, „‚SCHMUGGELN‘ eine verkörperte Kritikalität“, in: Silke Boerma, Kunstverein Hannover (Hg.), Mise en Scène. Innenansichten aus dem Kunstbetrieb, Hannover 2007, S. 34–44, hier S. 37.
22.) Vgl. Nora Sternfeld, Anmerkungen zu „Verlernen vermitteln“. Nora Sternfeld im öffentlichen Gespräch mit dem Seminar „What’s Next – Aktuelle Kunstpädagogik“ von Gila Kolb am Studiengang Kunst – Medien – Ästhetische Bildung, Universität Bremen im Juni 2014, in diesem Band.
23.) Vgl. Jacques Derrida, Die unbedingte Universität. Frankfurt 2001.
Luis Camnitzer
The door of the bus opens and a group of twenty children and their teacher get off. They cross the big courtyard and approach Ship 16, which is located in the back to the left. The teacher knocks on the door and a short and very blonde woman wearing a blue, almost black, coat invites them in. The children feel the urge to run because of the magnitude of the clear space, merely splashed by the residents’ work cubicles, and, when they reach the end, they sit down forming a circle around the woman in the blue coat, because they have already recognized her: Essi Kaussalainen, the Finnish artist who had come to the school a week before and had asked them to work with her on Interior Landscape.
On the second day, to go back to our story about Hall 16, after explaining the rules of the game (do not touch the work of other residents with whom we shared space and do not harm one another), Essi asked the children to sign their artists’ contracts. After this, she disappears for a moment and comes back with a large container filled with flowers that she hands out to each participant. They each choose the flowers they like the most and connect them with themselves, transforming hereby the use of the plants as well as of their bodies and extending the latter in a vegetal form. By using the flowers, they shape part of their new corporal landscape. After this community collective action, Essi asks the children to sit down in a circle and to reflect on what had happened and what knowledge the community had created. Here, every participant explains the -elements that conform their Interior Landscape. After the activity, the children start running again, go through the door, cross the big courtyard and get on the bus empowered as cultural producers and with many questions with no answers.
The sequence that I just described: is it art or education? Is it Art Education or is it precisely the direction we have to go, an experience full of knowledge, process and creativity, an amazing and empowering step, a pleasant experience that connects us to reality, gives us knowledge and helps us critically reflect on what is happening in the world from the visual arts perspective?
Spending the imaginary: from Art Education to -artEducation
I have a very clear opinion on what has to come next in art education, and that is exactly what I am going to write about in this text. But I want to work from a point of possibilities, from the fact that in this moment there are professionals working towards change. I do not want to work only on the NOs, on what Art Education is NOT2, I want to work on the YES and empower teachers of visual arts to carry out the paradigm shift that visual arts education needs.
Outside our field of work, the paradigm shift, the -educational revolution or how I call it, the #rEDUvolution, is already a common place. As of now, there are many voices, led by Ken Robinson, claiming for the change and it is absolutely evident that the change in methods in the world we live in is urgent and necessary.3 But, what happens in our field, in the didactics of visual arts? Art is a process inherent to the human being; therefore, this can be said about its teaching too. Throughout the history of mankind, new generations have been taught the forms and theories of artistic creation, mainly in oral form, and in each time and space adapted to their own contexts. In the present time, Art Education is anchored within a paradigm in which it does not belong. It is deeply rooted in school and dissociated from the world where contemporary art is created, and for various reasons it is bound to an obsolete model whose backbone is the production of so-called crafts. Today is the day when we have to reclaim the necessity of change in our field’s theories and practices and move from Art Education (I will use this term in this text in order to describe the most traditional practices that I consider need to be changed) to artEducation, a discipline founded on a series of main concepts.
The first key notion of this discipline is the idea of -removing the boundaries between Art and Education, bringing Bauman’s concept of liquidity into our field of work. In the perception of the most traditional Art Education, there is a tacit separation between that which is Art and what is Education, a notion which is definitely abandoned in artEducation. The second key idea is that Art Education does not mean KIDS painting. Our discipline is not intended to be exclusively for children; it is an area of knowledge whose practices are meant for individuals of any age and that, just as the rest of educational practices, has to be oriented towards intergenerationality.
The next main idea is to link two very concrete physical contexts: the school and the artist’s atelier. artEducation proposes that the learning related to arts and visual culture takes place anytime and anywhere, resulting in what we may call expanded artEducation, a concept that comes from the ideas of Dewey4 (Art as Experience) and Kaprow5 (The Education of the Un-Artist).
Besides, Art Education is not a discipline based on producing beautiful objects and pretty things. If we analyze the visual complexity in which societies will have to develop in the future, we are going to have to reclaim the work related to visual elements as one of the basic competences of every citizen.
Emancipatory knowledge
The previous ideas can be summarized in one statement: artEducation works on the basis of emancipatory knowledge, developed through a complex process and whose main way of working will be the creative remix. Let us analyze this statement in a more detailed way.
First of all, one of the main differences between Art Education and artEducation is that the latter accepts that any visual product surrounding us is an intellectual exercise whose true importance resides in the meanings that it generates; meanings that the spectators produce based on the body of knowledge they possess, their ability to associate and the context. The knowledge created from visual products is not trivial, it is knowledge that profoundly affects us; it is political and inclusive. ArtEducation not only addresses the color combination, but it addresses the question if a color combination is necessary. It asks who decides to carry out the color combination.6 It has to do with the reaction provoked by how my motivation for buying something unnecessary is influenced by the colors. In artEducation, manual and technical skills are part of the possibilities and very important competences, but they are not the axis of a world saturated by images.
In order to consider this intellectual implication of the visual worlds that surround us, artEducation works with macro-narratives as well as with micro-narratives on the same level. It incorporates the macro-narratives as basic knowledge in art class and emphasizes the importance of the analysis, and not only the construction of images. In both cases (analysis and production) we have to incorporate two essential elements: visual culture and contemporary art, both understood as visual macro- and micro-narratives. Visual language is the system mostly used in western societies today, because of its outstanding communication capabilities. ArtEducation promotes the incorporation of that group of images which are not considered artistic; contemporary visual culture understood as the channel that delivers the macro-narratives to us. This notion is part of the art curricula described in the 1996 book Postmodern Art Education: An Approach to Curriculum and is one of the strongest tendencies in our field of study, especially within the United States of America, where professionals like Kerry Freedman7 or Paul Duncum8 have developed a line of work called Art Education for Visual Culture.
But, let us not forget the micro-narratives. In spite of everything (and this is a reality that I face in every country I visit), when teachers dare to introduce art in the classroom, the artists and pieces selected very rarely would qualify as contemporary. Rubens or Picasso are probably the most commonly used artists, despite the fact that there are extraordinary visual representations made in our present time that we decide not to incor-porate into our practices. This leads to a complete ignorance on contemporary art within our societies, to its lack of appreciation and often to the most absolute disdain. In artEducation, just as we are using publicity in real time (the campaign that is being shown all around the city and during every commercial break), we have to incorporate contemporary artists, whose languages and techniques, even though we resist to accept it, perfectly fit with the aesthetics and the world envisioned by our students. Students who are educated through videos and who have no problems in understanding video art, students who instantly comprehend the message of Dignatario, Nadín Ospina’s pre-Colombian style sculpture made with terracotta that depicts Bart Simpson. Contemporary artists live immersed in social reality, so their work deals with current subjects: from pedophilia to maternity, from the destruction of nature to any sort of terrorism, from quantum physics to football. Contemporary art can therefore be linked to any topic and we can use it as an ideal way of beginning any content discussion in class. In short, contemporary art needs to be established as content in our daily work as educators, without eliminating the teaching of art from other periods.
It is easy to create hegemonic models of visual re-presentation. Because they are highly available, it is much easier to reproduce macro-narratives (images that were created by those in power, for example advertising, commercial cinema, many informative images and certain types of art) than to search for micro-narratives (images created by those not in power, for example counter-advertising and contemporary art, as well as craftwork or the visual products created by the students themselves, etc.). I still remember with astonishment a case repeated in several books dedicated to visual education: in these books, as an example to explain how a cross composition works, almost all authors chose a mythical piece, Rubens’s The Rape of the Sabine Women. In this painting, a group of terrified women, about to be raped, try to escape the torture and abuse, but, despite this incredible topic, teachers are still using it -(either on the book or by projecting it on the wall) to -explain how a specific form of composition works. By using it as didactic material, we are not only showing the students what a cross composition is, but we are teaching them to witness a future rape, we are telling them something like “this image is so perfect and its author is so important that its topic, sexual abuse on a group of women, is secondary”. This is what happens to images when we do not think of them in pedagogy, this is how they work when we are not able to reach the depths and only stay on the surface: we turn into transmitters of other’s ideas, which very often go against our own.
In order to make Art Education more contemporary, we have to start using symmetric images, that is to say we have to think about what we choose and project the same amount of macro-narratives as of micro-narratives. As professionals representing artEducation, we have to rethink the images that we work with and reorganize our selection based on the criterion of critical symmetry. The goal is to incorporate globalized as well as local images into our activities, created by men as well as by women, from the West and from other cultures, images that belong to high culture (museums, -scientific journals, renowned documentaries and official maps, etc.) and images from low culture (music videos, celebrity magazines, video games, etc.). We have to choose images from the past and the present, the ones that we like or we think are interesting, but also the ones that the students like and are interested in.
Finally, I would like to mention a process that we as 21st century art educators have to refuse to participate in, and that is to decorate the institution where we work when our superiors want to look good in front of (mainly) the parents (when you have to organize “something pretty” to put on the wall, etc.). In dramatic contrast to the figure of the traditional art teacher, we have to create the figure of the artEducator, an intellectual who works on the interesting crossroads of art and education, where both fields meet and their borders dissolve. This is an expert who promotes art as a pedago-gical process and pedagogy as an artistic process, a professional with a hybrid profile who tears down the bipolarity of professional stereotypes that place artists and educators in opposite spheres, a professional whose work is genuinely intellectual, political and transfor-mative, along the same line as the Critical Pedagogy theorists who write about “teachers as transformative intellectuals”9 The next step is to visualize the intellectual value of the artEducator’s work and incorporate knowledge as the backbone of our practices.
Complex Process
The second important issue regards time, because traditional methods in art class inevitably teach the idea that artistic products are produced as if by magic: it is neither necessary to think about it nor to plan it and there are no different production stages. Everything is done spontaneously, in the moment, and this is why many people who visit museums think “I can do this too”, because no one has shown them the amount of effort, planning, time and energy that hide behind an apparently simple piece of art.
For this reason, the second key notion that we need in art education is the value of the process; the idea that any product requires planning and a lot of time from the moment it is designed to its exhibition. We urgently need the people involved in visual art related projects to understand the importance of transmitting exactly that, that all cultural producers work on projects and that a project is a temporal construct divided into different phases. In artEducation, just as it happens in the liquid world we live in, the true objective is to experience an object; an experience which is based on an intention and whose purpose is related to a socially relevant topic, committed to reality, developed with long term planning and produced in different phases. A work that is to be undertaken with passion and discipline and is created in a community, in a collaborative manner, the way todays artists work, in connection with other agents and combining the community’s different sources of knowledge in a rhizomic way, without privileging one knowledge over the other. This work comes into contact with the real professional world and therefore with its mechanisms of legitimization, which in the present day translates into the work’s exhibition in prestigious cultural institutions.
The process not only involves the production phase, but also analysis. While in traditional art education the emphasis is absolutely put on production, on the necessity to build an object that we can take home in order to temporally decorate our refrigerator, in art-Education, the analysis process is equally important. We support the notion that to analyze is an act of -cultural production, just as Spanish artist Joan Font-cuberta -proposes: “The most genuine and coherent -creative act of our time does not consist in producing new images, but in assigning meaning to the existing ones.”10 In -artEducation, we have to design at least 50% of activities related to analysis, because the processes of analyzing, deconstructing and reflecting are absolutely on the same level as producing. Moreover, it has to become a habit, it should become the recount that my daughters do when they watch a movie and estimate how many girls are shown and if they play secondary or leading roles.
Creative Remix
Emancipatory knowledge and process cannot move forward without creativity, but the latter understood in a contemporary way, as a remix. When creativity is mentioned within the context of art education, it always -refers to the students’ creativity. In artEducation, creativity will also be the teacher’s basic competence, a teacher who sees her or his role as a cultural producer. Nonetheless, in a hyper technical world where the figure of an expert has been entirely modified, to be a cultural producer is something very different to the notion we had in the past and it may be similar to how Nicolas Bourriaud defines a visual artist: “[For present artists] It is no longer a matter of elaborating a form on the basis of a raw material but working with objects that are already in circulation on the cultural market […]. Notions of originality (being at the origin of) and even of creation (making something from nothing) are slowly blurred in this new cultural landscape marked by the twin figures of the DJ and the programmer, both of whom have the task of selecting cultural objects and inserting them into new contexts.”11
Bourriaud is one of the most interesting theorists reflecting on the roles of today’s artist. Investigative and critical, his two books Relational Aesthetics12 and Postproduction13 can be interpreted as essays on contemporary art or essays intimately related to pedagogy. According to Bourriaud, in the 21st century the term author (regardless if we are musicians, chefs or teachers) acquires a new meaning: we create on the foundations of other people’s ideas. The notion of producing knowledge in a rhizomatic way, laid out by French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari,14 proposes that to copy is to (re)generate, such that a DJ generates a personal discourse when arranging other’s music in a specific way. In Postproduction, Bourriaud defends the theory of the artist as a DJ, a creator who works with what has been created, because “[a]ll these artistic practices […] have in common the recourse to already produced forms. They testify to a willingness to inscribe the work of art within a network of signs and significations, instead of considering it an autonomous or original form”.15
Bourriaud’s conviction is clear: it is unthinkable for us to create something out of nothing, a notion that is directly linked to the rhizome concept. When creating, we always start from a previous input, in a way that we make (new) connections and the genuine and completely original creation loses its meaning. For present artists, to reprogram may be a new verb, but if we analyze it thoroughly, it is something that we teachers have always done, because the content that we work with has hardly ever been entirely ours. For this reason, educational work in the 21st century has to be founded on the notion of the teacher as a DJ, specifying our work as producers of remixes and validating the idea that a remix is a creation, not a copy.
In the beginning of this text, I sustained that a paradigm shift within educational practices in visual arts is a basic necessity. This challenge is to be addressed on the basis of artEducation, a model which produces emancipatory knowledge developed through a complex process and whose main working method is the creative remix. What is yet to come is to make these ideas our own and to transform them in order to make them tangible in classrooms, museums and hospitals, out on the streets and in our homes. If visual art education is not transformed in an area of contemporary knowledge, its own obsolescence will eliminate it. This is what is yet to come.
Translation: Dana Ersig / 2014.
1.) Luis Camnitzer, Introducción. Educación para el arte. Arte para la educación. Porto Alegre 2009. (www.yumpu.com/es/document/view/14213328/arte-e-educacao-fundacao-bienal-do-mercosul/287; also: http://mariaacaso.blogspot.de/2013/10/2013-el-museo-es-una-escuela-i-la-9.html)
2.) María Acaso, La educación artística no son manualidades. Nuevas prácticas en la enseñanza de las artes y la cultura visual. Madrid 2009.
3.) María Acaso, rEDUvolution. Hacer la revolución en la educación. Barcelona 2013.
4.) John Dewey, Experience and education. New York 1883.
5.) Allan Kaprow, “The Education of the Un-Artist”, in: Idem, Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life, Berkeley 2003.
6.) María Acaso, La educación artística no son manualidades. Nuevas prácticas en la enseñanza de las artes y la cultura visual. Madrid 2009.
7.) Kerry Freedman, Teaching Visual Culture: Curriculum, Aesthetics and the Social Life of Art. NY/Reston 2003.
8.) Paul Duncum, Visual culture in the art class: case studies. Reston 2006.
9.) Henry Giroux, Teachers as Intellectuals: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Learning. Santa Barbara 1988.
10.) Original Spanish quote: “El acto de creación más genuino y coherente en nuestros días no consiste en producir nuevas imágenes, sino en asignar sentido a las existentes” (Joan Fontcuberta et al., Contranatura, Barcelona 2001.)
11.) Nicolas Bourriaud, Postproduction: Culture as Screenplay: How Art Reprograms the World. New York 2002, p. 6. (http://faculty.georgetown.edu/irvinem/theory/Bourriaud-Postproduction2.pdf)
12.) Nicolas Bourriaud, Relational Aesthetics. Dijon 2002.
13.) Nicolas Bourriaud, Postproduction, 2002.
14.) Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, L’Anti-Œdipe. Paris 1972.
15.) Nicolas Bourriaud, Postproduction, 2002.
Wiederabdruck
Der Text erschien zuerst unter http://blog.zkm.de/blog/editorial/globalisierung-das-ende-der-kunst-der-moderne/ [18.2.2013].
Lets start with a simple proposition: what used to be work has increasingly been turned into occupation.1
This change in terminology may look trivial. In fact, almost everything changes on the way from work to occupation. The economic framework, but also its implications for space and temporality. If we think of work as labor, it implies a beginning, a producer, and eventually a result. Work is primarily seen as a means to an end: a product, a reward, or a wage. It is an instrumental relation. It also produces a subject by means of alienation.
An occupation is not hinged on any result; it has no necessary conclusion. As such, it knows no traditional alienation, nor any corresponding idea of subjectivity. An occupation doesn’t necessarily assume remuneration either, since the process is thought to contain its own gratification. It has no temporal framework except the passing of time itself. It is not centered on a producer/worker, but includes consumers, reproducers, even destroyers, time-wasters, and bystanders – in essence, anybody seeking distraction or engagement.
Occupation
The shift from work to occupation applies in the most different areas of contemporary daily activity. It marks a transition far greater than the often-described shift from a Fordist to post-Fordist economy. Instead of being seen as a means of earning, it is seen as a way of spending time and resources. It clearly accents the passage from an economy based on production to an economy fueled by waste, from time progressing to time spent or even idled away, from a space defined by clear divisions to an entangled and complex territory.
Perhaps most importantly: occupation is not a means to an end, as traditional labor is. Occupation is in many cases an end in itself.
Occupation is connected to activity, service, distraction, therapy, and engagement. But also to conquest, invasion, and seizure. In the military, occupation refers to extreme power relations, spatial complication, and 3D sovereignty. It is imposed by the occupier on the occupied, who may or may not resist it. The objective is often expansion, but also neutralization, stranglehold, and the quelling of autonomy.
Occupation often implies endless mediation, eternal process, indeterminate negotiation, and the blurring of spatial divisions. It has no inbuilt outcome or resolution. It also refers to appropriation, colonization, and extraction. In its processual aspect occupation is both permanent and uneven – and its connotations are completely different for the occupied and the occupier.
Of course occupations – in all the different senses of the word – are not the same. But the mimetic force of the term operates in each of the different meanings and draws them toward each other. There is a magic affinity within the word itself: if it sounds the same, the force of similarity works from within it.3 The force of naming reaches across difference to uncomfortably approximate situations that are otherwise segregated and hierarchized by tradition, interest, and privilege.
Occupation as Art
In the context of art, the transition from work to occupation has additional implications. What happens to the work of art in this process? Does it too transform into an occupation?
In part, it does. What used to materialize exclusively as object or product – as (art) work – now tends to appear as activity or performance. These can be as endless as strained budgets and attention spans will allow. Today the traditional work of art has been largely supplemented by art as a process – as an occupation.4
Art is an occupation in that it keeps people busy – spectators and many others. In many rich countries art denotes a quite popular occupational scheme. The idea that it contains its own gratification and needs no remuneration is quite accepted in the cultural workplace. The paradigm of the culture industry provided an example of an economy that functioned by producing an increasing number of occupations (and distractions) for people who were in many cases working for free. Additionally, there are now occupational schemes in the guise of art education. More and more post- and post-post-graduate programs shield prospective artists from the pressure of (public or private) art markets. Art education now takes longer – it creates zones of occupation, which yield fewer “works” but more processes, forms of knowledge, fields of engagement, and planes of relationality. It also produces ever-more educators, mediators, guides, and even guards – all of whose conditions of occupation are again processual (and ill- or unpaid).
The professional and militarized meaning of occupation unexpectedly intersect here, in the role of the guard or attendant, to create a contradictory space. Recently, a professor at the University of Chicago suggested that museum guards should be armed.5 Of course, he was referring primarily to guards in (formerly) occupied countries like Iraq and other states in the midst of political upheaval, but by citing potential breakdowns of civic order he folded First-World locations into his appeal. What’s more, art occupation as a means of killing time intersects with the military sense of spatial control in the figure of the museum guard – some of whom may already be military veterans. Intensified security mutates the sites of art and inscribes the museum or gallery into a sequence of stages of potential violence.
Another prime example in the complicated topology of occupation is the figure of the intern (in a museum, a gallery, or most likely an isolated project).6 The term intern is linked to internment, confinement, and detention, whether involuntary or voluntary. She is supposed to be on the inside of the system, yet is excluded from payment. She is inside labor but outside remuneration: stuck in a space that includes the outside and excludes the inside simultaneously. As a result, she works to sustain her own occupation.
Both examples produce a fractured timespace with varying degrees of occupational intensity. These zones are very much shut off from one another, yet interlocked and interdependent. The schematics of art occupation reveal a checkpointed system, complete with gatekeepers, access levels, and close management of movement and information. Its architecture is astonishingly complex. Some parts are forcefully immobilized, their autonomy denied and quelled in order to keep other parts more mobile. Occupation works on both sides: forcefully seizing and keeping out, inclusion and exclusion, managing access and flow. It may not come as surprise that this pattern often but not always follows fault lines of class and political economy.
In poorer parts of the world, the immediate grip of art might seem to lessen. But art-as-occupation in these places can more powerfully serve the larger ideological deflections within capitalism and even profit concretely from labor stripped of rights.7 Here migrant, liberal, and urban squalor can again be exploited by artists who use misery as raw material. Art “upgrades” poorer neighborhoods by aestheticizing their status as urban ruins and drives out long-term inhabitants after the area becomes fashionable. Thus art assists in the structuring, hierarchizing, seizing, up- or downgrading of space; in organizing, wasting, or simply consuming time through vague distraction or committed pursuit of largely unpaid para-productive activity; and it divvies up roles in the figures of artist, audience, freelance curator, or uploader of cell phone videos to a museum website.
Generally speaking, art is part of an uneven global system, one that underdevelops some parts of the world, while overdeveloping others – and the boundaries between both areas interlock and overlap.
Life and Autonomy
But beyond all this, art doesn’t stop at occupying people, space, or time. It also occupies life as such.
Why should that be the case? Let’s start with a small detour on artistic autonomy. Artistic autonomy was traditionally predicated not on occupation, but on separation – more precisely, on art’s separation from life.9 As artistic production became more specialized in an industrial world marked by an increasing division of labor, it also grew increasingly divorced from direct functionality.10 While it apparently evaded instrumentalization, it simultaneously lost social relevance. As a reaction, different avant-gardes set out to break the barriers of art and to recreate its relation to life.
Their hope was for art to dissolve within life, to be infused with a revolutionary jolt. What happened was rather the contrary. To push the point: life has been occupied by art, because art’s initial forays back into life and daily practice gradually turned into routine incursions, and then into constant occupation. Nowadays, the invasion of life by art is not the exception, but the rule. Artistic autonomy was meant to separate art from the zone of daily routine – from mundane life, intentionality, utility, production, and instrumental reason – in order to distance it from rules of efficiency and social coercion. But this incompletely segregated area then incorporated all that it broke from in the first place, recasting the old order within its own aesthetic paradigms. The incorporation of art within life was once a political project (both for the left and right), but the incorporation of life within art is now an aesthetic project, and it coincides with an overall aestheticization of politics.
On all levels of everyday activity art not only invades life, but occupies it. This doesn’t mean that it’s omnipresent. It just means that it has established a complex topology of both overbearing presence and gaping absence – both of which impact daily life.
Checklist
But, you may respond, apart from occasional exposure, I have nothing to do with art whatsoever! How can my life be occupied by it? Perhaps one of the following questions applies to you:
Does art possess you in the guise of endless self-performance?11 Do you wake feeling like a multiple? Are you on constant auto-display?
Have you been beautified, improved, upgraded, or attempted to do this to anyone/thing else? Has your rent doubled because a few kids with brushes were relocated into that dilapidated building next door? Have your feelings been designed, or do you feel designed by your iPhone?
Or, on the contrary, is access to art (and its production) being withdrawn, slashed, cut off, impoverished and hidden behind insurmountable barriers? Is labor in this field unpaid? Do you live in a city that redirects a huge portion of its cultural budget to fund a one-off art exhibition? Is conceptual art from your region privatized by predatory banks?
All of these are symptoms of artistic occupation. While, on the one hand, artistic occupation completely invades life, it also cuts off much art from circulation.
Division of Labor
Of course, even if they had wanted to, the avant-gardes could never have achieved the dissolution of the border between art and life on their own. One of the reasons has to do with a rather paradoxical development at the root of artistic autonomy. According to Peter Bürger, art acquired a special status within the bourgeois capitalist system because artists somehow refused to follow the specialization required by other professions. While in its time this contributed to claims for artistic autonomy, more recent advances in neoliberal modes of production in many occupational fields started to reverse the division of labor.12 The artist-as-dilettante and biopolitical designer was overtaken by the clerk-as-innovator, the technician-as-entrepreneur, the laborer-as-engineer, the manager-as-genius, and (worst of all) the administrator-as-revolutionary. As a template for many forms of contemporary occupation, multitasking marks the reversal of the division of labor: the fusion of professions, or rather their confusion. The example of the artist as creative polymath now serves as a role model (or excuse) to legitimate the universalization of professional dilettantism and overexertion in order to save money on specialized labor.
If the origin of artistic autonomy lies in the refusal of the division of labor (and the alienation and subjection that accompany it), this refusal has now been reintegrated into neoliberal modes of production to set free dormant potentials for financial expansion. In this way, the logic of autonomy spread to the point where it tipped into new dominant ideologies of flexibility and self-entrepreneurship, acquiring new political meanings as well. Workers, feminists, and youth movements of the 1970s started claiming autonomy from labor and the regime of the factory.13 Capital reacted to this flight by designing its own version of autonomy: the autonomy of capital from workers.14 The rebellious, autonomous force of those various struggles became a catalyst for the capitalist reinvention of labor relations as such. Desire for self-determination was rearticulated as a self-entrepreneurial business model, the hope to overcome alienation was transformed into serial narcissism and overidentification with one’s occupation. Only in this context can we understand why contemporary occupations that promise an unalienated lifestyle are somehow believed to contain their own gratification. But the relief from alienation they suggest takes on the form of a more pervasive self-oppression, which arguably could be much worse than traditional alienation.15
The struggles around autonomy, and above all capital’s response to them are thus deeply ingrained into the transition from work to occupation. As we have seen, this transition is based on the role model of the artist as a person who refuses the division of labor and leads an unalienated lifestyle. This is one of the templates for new occupational forms of life that are all-encompassing, passionate, self-oppressive, and narcissistic to the bone.
To paraphrase Allan Kaprow: life in a gallery is like fucking in a cemetery. We could add that things become even worse as the gallery spills back into life: as the gallery /cemetery invades life, one begins to feel unable to fuck anywhere else.17
Occupation, Again
This might be the time to start exploring the next meaning of occupation: the meaning it has taken on in countless squats and takeovers in recent years. As the occupiers of the New School in 2008 emphasized, this type of occupation tries to intervene into the governing forms of occupational time and space, instead of simply blocking and immobilizing a specific area:
Occupation mandates the inversion of the standard dimensions of space. Space in an occupation is not merely the container of our bodies, it is a plane of potentiality that has been frozen by the logic of the commodity. In an occupation, one must engage with space topologically, as a strategist, asking: What are its holes, entrances, exits? How can one disalienate it, disidentify it, make it inoperative, communize it?18
To unfreeze the forces that lie dormant in the petrified space of occupation means to rearticulate their functional uses, to make them non-efficient, non-instrumental, and non-intentional in their capacities as tools for social coercion. It also means to demilitarize it – at least in terms of hierarchy – and to then militarize it differently. Now, to free an art space from art-as-occupation seems a paradoxical task, especially when art spaces extend beyond the traditional gallery. On the other hand, it is also not difficult to imagine how any of these spaces might operate in a non-efficient, non-instrumental, and non-productive way.
But which is the space we should occupy? Of course, at this moment suggestions abound for museums, galleries, and other art spaces to be occupied. There is absolutely nothing wrong with that; almost all these spaces should be occupied, now, again, and forever. But again, none of these spaces is strictly coexistent with our own multiple spaces of occupation. The realms of art remain mostly adjacent to the incongruent territories that stitch up and articulate the incoherent accumulation of times and spaces by which we are occupied. At the end of the day, people might have to leave the site of occupation in order to go home to do the thing formerly called labor: wipe off the tear gas, go pick up their kids from child care, and otherwise get on with their lives.19 Because these lives happen in the vast and unpredictable territory of occupation, and this is also where lives are being occupied. I am suggesting that we occupy this space. But where is it? And how can it be claimed?
The Territory of Occupation
The territory of occupation is not a single physical place, and is certainly not to be found within any existing occupied territory. It is a space of affect, materially supported by ripped reality. It can actualize anywhere, at any time. It exists as a possible experience. It may consist of a composite and montaged sequence of movements through sampled checkpoints, airport security checks, cash tills, aerial viewpoints, body scanners, scattered labor, revolving glass doors, duty free stores. How do I know? Remember the beginning of this text? I asked you to record a few seconds each day on your mobile phone. Well, this is the sequence that accumulated in my phone; walking the territory of occupation, for months on end.
Walking through cold winter sun and fading insurrections sustained and amplified by mobile phones. Sharing hope with crowds yearning for spring. A spring that feels necessary, vital, unavoidable. But spring didn’t come this year. It didn’t come in summer, nor in autumn. Winter came around again, yet spring wouldn’t draw any closer. Occupations came and froze, were trampled under, drowned in gas, shot at. In that year people courageously, desperately, passionately fought to achieve spring. But it remained elusive. And while spring was violently kept at bay, this sequence accumulated in my cell phone. A sequence powered by tear gas, heartbreak, and permanent transition. Recording the pursuit of spring.
Jump cut to Cobra helicopters hovering over mass graves, zebra wipe to shopping malls, mosaic to spam filters, SIM cards, nomad weavers; spiral effect to border detention, child care and digital exhaustion.20 Gas clouds dissolving between high-rise buildings. Exasperation. The territory of occupation is a place of enclosure, extraction, hedging, and constant harassment, of getting pushed, patronized, surveilled, deadlined, detained, delayed, hurried – it encourages a condition that is always too late, too early, arrested, overwhelmed, lost, falling.
Your phone is driving you through this journey, driving you mad, extracting value, whining like a baby, purring like a lover, bombarding you with deadening, maddening, embarrassing, outrageous claims for time, space, attention, credit card numbers. It copy-pastes your life to countless unintelligible pictures that have no meaning, no audience, no purpose, but do have impact, punch, and speed. It accumulates love letters, insults, invoices, drafts, endless communication. It is being tracked and scanned, turning you into transparent digits, into motion as a blur. A digital eye as your heart in hand. It is witness and informer. If it gives away your position, it means you’ll retroactively have had one. If you film the sniper that shoots at you, the phone will have faced his aim. He will have been framed and fixed, a faceless pixel composition.21 Your phone is your brain in corporate design, your heart as a product, the Apple of your eye.
Your life condenses into an object in the palm of your hand, ready to be slammed into a wall and still grinning at you, shattered, dictating deadlines, recording, interrupting.
The territory of occupation is a green-screened territory, madly assembled and conjectured by zapping, copy-and-paste operations, incongruously keyed in, ripped, ripping apart, breaking lives and heart. It is a space governed not only by 3D sovereignty, but 4D sovereignty because it occupies time, a 5D sovereignty because it governs from the virtual, and an n-D sovereignty from above, beyond, across – in Dolby Surround. Time asynchronously crashes into space; accumulating by spasms of capital, despair, and desire running wild.
Here and elsewhere, now and then, delay and echo, past and future, day for night nest within each other like unrendered digital effects. Both temporal and spatial occupation intersect to produce individualized timelines, intensified by fragmented circuits of production and augmented military realities. They can be recorded, objectified, and thus made tangible and real. A matter in motion, made of poor images, lending flow to material reality. It is important to emphasize that these are not just passive remnants of individual or subjective movements. Rather, they are sequences that create individuals by means of occupation. They trigger full stops and passionate abandon. They steer, shock, and seduce.
Look at your phone to see how it has sampled scattered trajectories of occupation. Not only your own. If you look at your phone you might also find this sequence: Jump cut to Cobra helicopters hovering over mass graves, zebra wipe to shopping malls, mosaic to spam filters, SIM cards, nomad weavers; spiral effect to border detention, child care and digital exhaustion. I might have sent it to you from my phone. See it spreading. See it become invaded by other sequences, many sequences, see it being re-montaged, rearticulated, reedited. Let’s merge and rip apart our scenarios of occupation. Break continuity. Juxtapose. Edit in parallel. Jump the axe. Build suspense. Pause. Countershoot. Keep chasing spring.
These are our territories of occupation, forcefully kept apart from each other, each in his and her own corporate enclosure. Let’s reedit them. Rebuild. Rearrange. Wreck. Articulate. Alienate. Unfreeze. Accelerate. Inhabit. Occupy.
This text is dedicated to comrade S¸iyar. Thank you to Apo, Neman Kara, Tina Leisch, Sahin Okay, and Selim Yildiz.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien zuerst in: e-flux journal # 30, Dezember 2011, http://www.e-flux.com/journal/art-as-occupation-claims-for-an-autonomy-of-life-12/ [29.5.2013].
1.)I am ripping these ideas from a brilliant observation by the Carrot Workers Collective. See http://carrotworkers.wordpress.com/on-free-labour/ [22.4.2013].
2.)Carrot Workers Collective, “The European Union language promoting ‘occupation’ rather than ‘employment,’ marking a subtle but interesting semantic shift towards keeping the active population ‘busy’ rather than trying to create jobs,“ “On Free Labor,“ http://carrotworkers.wordpress.com/on-free-labour/ [22.4.2013].
3.)Walter Benjamin, “Doctrine of the Similar,“ in Selected Writings, Vol. 2, part 2, 1931-1934, ed. Michael Jennings, Howard Eiland, Gary Smith. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), 694-711, esp. 696.
4.)One could even say: the work of art is tied to the idea of a product (bound up in a complex system of valorization). Art-as-occupation bypasses the end result of production by immediately turning the making-of into commodity.
5.)Lawrence Rothfield as quoted in John Hooper, “Arm museum guards to prevent looting, says professor,“ The Guardian, 10.07.2011, “Professor Lawrence Rothfield, faculty director of the University of Chicago’s cultural policy center, told the Guardian that ministries, foundations and local authorities “should not assume that the brutal policing job required to prevent looters and professional art thieves from carrying away items is just one for the national police or for other forces not under their direct control“. He was speaking in advance of the annual conference of the Association for Research into Crimes Against Art (ARCA), held over the weekend in the central Italian town of Amelia. Rothfield said he would also like to see museum attendants, site wardens and others given thorough training in crowd control. And not just in the developing world.“ See http://carrotworkers.wordpress.com/on-free-labour/ [22.4.2013].
6.)Carrot Workers Collective, “The figure of the intern appears in this context paradigmatic as it negotiates the collapse of the boundaries between Education, Work and Life.“ See http://carrotworkers.wordpress.com/on-free-labour/ [22.4.2013].
7.)As critiqued recently by Walid Raad in the building of the Abu Dhabi Guggenheim franchise and related labor issues. See http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/37846/walid-raad-on-why-the-guggenheim-abu-dhabi-must-be-built-on-a-foundation-of-workers-rights/?page=1 [22.4.2013].
8.)Central here is Martha Rosler’s three-part essay, “Culture Class: Art, Creativity, Urbanism,“ in e-flux journal 21 (December 2010); 23 (March 2011); and 25 (May 2011). See http://www.e-flux.com/journal/culture-class-art-creativity-urbanism-part-i/ [22.4.2013].
9.)These paragraphs are entirely due to the pervasive influence of Sven Lütticken’s excellent text “Acting on the Onmipresent Frontiers of Autonomy“ in To The Arts, Citizens! (Porto: Serralves, 2010), 146–167. Lütticken also commissioned the initial version of this text, to be published soon as a “Black Box“ version in a special edition of OPEN magazine.
10.)The emphasis here is on the word obvious, since art evidently retained a major function in developing a particular division of senses, class distinction and bourgeois subjectivity even as it became more divorced from religious or overt representational function. Its autonomy presented itself as disinterested and dispassionate, while at the same time mimetically adapting the form and structure of capitalist commodities.
11.)The Invisible Committee lay out the terms for occupational performativity: “Producing oneself is about to become the dominant occupation in a society where production has become aimless: like a carpenter who’s been kicked out of his workshop and who out of desperation starts to plane himself down. That’s where we get the spectacle of all these young people training themselves to smile for their employment interviews, who whiten their teeth to make a better impression, who go out to nightclubs to stimulate their team spirit, who learn English to boost their careers, who get divorced or married to bounce back again, who go take theater classes to become leaders or “personal development“ classes to “manage conflicts“ better – the most intimate “personal development,“ claims some guru or another, “will lead you to better emotional stability, a more well directed intellectual acuity, and so to better economic performance.“ The Invisible Committee, The Coming Insurrection (New York: Semiotexte(e), 2009), 16.
12.)Peter Bürger, Theory of the Avant-Garde (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
13.)It is interesting to make a link at this point to classical key texts of autonomist thought as collected in Autonomia: Post-Political Politics, ed. Sylvère Lotringer and Christian Marazzi (New York: Semiotext(e), 2007).
14.)Toni Negri has detailed the restructuring of the North Italian labor force after the 1970s, while Paolo Virno and Bifo Berardi both emphasize that the autonomous tendencies expressed the refusal of labor and the rebellious feminist, youth,and workers movements in the ‘70s was recaptured into new, flexibilized and entrepreneurial forms of coercion. More recently Berardi has emphasized the new conditions of subjective identification with labor and its self-perpetuating narcissistic components. See inter alia Toni Negri, i: “Reti produttive e territori: il caso del Nord-Est italiano,“ L’inverno è finito. Scritti sulla trasformazione negata (1989–1995), ed. Giovanni Caccia (Rome: Castelvecchi, 1996), 66–80; Paolo Virno, “Do you remember counterrevolution?,“ in Radical thought in Italy: A Potential Politics, ed. Michael Hardt and Paolo Virno (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Franco “Bifo“ Berardi, The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy (New York: Semiotext(e), 2010.
15.)I have repeatedly argued that one should not seek to escape alienation but on the contrary embrace it as well as the status of objectivity and objecthood that goes along with it.
16.)In “What is a Museum? Dialogue with Robert Smithson,“ Museum World no. 9 (1967), reprinted in The Writings of Robert Smithson, Jack Flam ed. (New York University Press: New York, 1979), 43-51.
17.)Remember also the now unfortunately defunct meaning of occupation. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries “to occupy“ was a euphemism for “have sexual intercourse with,“ which fell from usage almost completely during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
18.)Inoperative Committee, Preoccupied: The Logic of Occupation (Somewhere: Somebody, 2009),11.
19.)In the sense of squatting, which in contrast to other types of occupation is limited spatially and temporally.
20.)I copied the form of my sequence from Imri Kahn’s lovely video Rebecca makes it!, where it appears with different imagery.
21.)This description is directly inspired by Rabih Mroue’s terrific upcoming lecture “The Pixelated Revolution“ on the use of mobile phones in recent Syrian uprisings. See http://www.warhol.org/webcalendar/event.aspx?id=5047 [22.4.2013].
[…] kann ich Ihnen also Jonathan Fullers „On Erbaulichkeit. Art Theory and Culture in the Early 21st Century“ nur nachdrücklich zur Übersetzung empfehlen. Auch wenn sich seine Wirkung so kurz nach dem Erscheinen nicht absehen lässt, so handelt es sich trotz mancher Schwächen m. E. um ein bedeutendes Werk, das sich der Frage der Kulturentwicklung zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts stellt und rückblickend den radikalen Wandel in den 20er-Jahren plausibel erklärt.
Bevor ich zum Inhalt komme, vielleicht ein Wort zum Autor. Meinen Kollegen Fuller hätte man vor 50 Jahren vielleicht als „Philosoph“ oder „Historiker“ bezeichnet. Ich weiß, diese Titel sind auch bei Ihnen in Europa seit dem Umbau der Universitäten nicht mehr geläufig, aber weder die heute zulässigen Bezeichnungen „Neurobiologe“ noch „Kulturwissenschaftler“ treffen Fullers vielfältige Interessen und Vorlieben. Jonathan liebt das Dorophon, er geht nicht gerne spazieren und benutzt trotz aller Verbote nach wie vor das alte Internet.
Fullers Frage ist einfach: Wie kam der „Social Turn“, der heute so viele beschäftigt und viele von uns so sehr beunruhigt, an den Universitäten zustande? Üblicherweise wird der Paradigmenwechsel der letzten Jahre, die Renaissance des Gesellschaftlichen, als Adaption der neuen sozialen Bewegungen im akademischen Milieu verstanden. Das mag ja stimmen, aber all diese Erklärungen bleiben äußerlich. Fuller zeigt den immanenten Wandel, also die Erosion des Alten und die Herausbildung des Neuen innerhalb der Kulturwissenschaften – und, vielleicht überraschend, in der Kunst. […]
Wie wir wissen, ist die Entwicklung in den Wissenschaften von Neuorientierungen, von „Turns“ mit jeweils unterschiedlichen neuen Schwerpunkten, Sichtweisen und Funktionen gekennzeichnet. Auch unsere Tätigkeit verdankt sich einem solchen Turn, dem „Cultural Turn“, als am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts Kultur endlich zum Leitbegriff und Leitmotiv aller politischen Analyse wurde. Heute sind uns beispielsweise Samuel Huntingtons Thesen selbstverständlich, aber noch zu Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts, erinnert Fuller, waren sie umstritten, so wie sie jetzt wieder sind!
Fullers Antwort ist so einfach, wie sie einleuchtend ist. Er erklärt den „Social Turn“ als Reaktion auf die langjährige Dominanz einer Rede und Praxis zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts, die er unter dem Begriff „Gelehrsamkeit“ zusammenfasst. Die ersten acht Kapitel (The New Scholar and Old Sage, p. 7 – 81), sie zählen wohl zu den erhellendsten Momenten des ganzen Buches, sind der Genese und Formierung des Konzeptes der Gelehrsamkeit in der wissenschaftlichen Kultur gewidmet. Sie zeichnen die Entstehung des gelehrsamen Diskurses zu Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts minutiös nach und versäumen es nicht, die Schlüsselfigur des „Gelehrsamen“ und seine Herrschaft im Detail zu skizzieren. Dies schafft Fuller auf eine elegant entwickelte Weise, indem er auf den alten Typus des Gelehrten aus dem 18. Jahrhundert rekurriert und den neuen Gelehrsamen zugleich als dessen Nachfolger wie als dessen Devianzprodukt begreift.
Im Konzept der Gelehrsamkeit geht es nach Fuller um nichts weniger als um die „Verbreitung der deutschen Tiefe im Weltmaßstab“, wie er an einer zentralen Stelle seines Buches schreibt (p. 123). Nach Fuller herrschte am Ende des vorigen Jahrhunderts nach langer Zeit wieder rege Nachfrage nach dieser Gelehrsamkeit:
„Je stärker sich die Neurobiologie als Leitdisziplin der Wissenschaft vom Menschen etablierte, je größer ihre Erfolge wurden bei der Erklärung menschlichen Handelns, des Rätsels des Bewusstseins und des moralischen Empfindens, desto stärker wuchs der Druck auf die anderen Disziplinen wie Philosophie, Kunstwissenschaften oder Philologien. Sie mussten sich entscheiden: Entweder eine schwache Wissenschaft zu sein, die mit den Errungenschaften der Neurobiologie nicht mithalten kann und an deren ewig unzufriedenes Blabla niemand mehr so recht glaubte, oder den Rubikon zu überschreiten und wieder gelehrsam zu werden. Der neue Gelehrte machte das Rennen.“
Das Medium des Gelehrsamen ist nach Fuller die „Erbaulichkeit“, ein Konzept, für das uns im Englischen ja der Begriff fehlt. Erbaulichkeit meint eine besondere Form des Diskurses, der nach Fuller gegen die Diskursregeln der älteren kritischen Wissenschaft gerichtet war. Nochmals Fuller:
„Ihre Sprache muss ein wohltuender Schock gewesen sein. Entgegen der ausgewogenen, hochspezialisierten Sprache der alten Wissenschaftlergeneration waren die Neuerer voller Tiefe und Allgemeinheit. Schon bald sprachen sie auf akademischen Tagungen wie auf Managementkongressen, manche hielten bis zu 150 Vorträge pro Jahr und gaben fast täglich Interviews. Nicht dass die Vertreter der neuen Erbaulichkeit verständlich waren, natürlich nicht, aber was sie sagten, klang weise. Woher kam ihr glänzender Erfolg? Ich meine, sie kompensierten vor allem zwei Defizite: Zum einen etwas, was damals vom breiten Publikum als ‚Bildungsmangel’ empfunden wurde, zum anderen glichen sie den ‚Mangel an Sinn’ aus, der viele Menschen beschäftigte und gegen den die angewandte Neurobiologie zu Beginn des Jahrtausends ja noch kein Mittel parat hatte. Die erbauliche Rede war mahnend und radikal, aber gerade dadurch war sie versöhnlich, störte niemanden und war, auch wenn ihre Vertreter in Rätseln sprachen, in gewissem Sinn humorvoll und unterhaltend.“
Auf minutiöse Weise gelingt es Fuller in der Folge jenen Prozess der Herausbildung des „Gelehrsamen“ vor dem Hintergrund der Wandlungen der akademischen Debatten und der Umgestaltung der universitären Strukturen zu Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts nachzuzeichnen. Fuller meint, dass die Etablierung des erbaulichen Diskurses zunächst vor allem in Italien und Frankreich erfolgte und betrachtet in der Folge detailliert die Werke, Karrieren und Einkommensverhältnisse von drei heute vergessenen Autoren (vgl. Kap. 9: Early Architects of New Erbaulichkeit: Kristeva, Eco, Baudrillard). Ein prototypisches Beispiel bilden dabei die mathematischen Schriften von Jacques Lacan zur „asphärischen Topologie“: […]
Wie kam es nun zum Wandel, zum Überborden des Konzeptes der Erbaulichkeit? Fuller berücksichtigt hier besonders die Rolle der Kunst und ihre Entwicklung.
Lange schon war die Ästhetik das beliebteste, ja das zentrale Feld der Gelehrsamkeit, auf dem sie ihr Inventar entwickelte und schärfte. Fuller bringt die Krise der Erbaulichkeit auf eine verblüffend einfache Formel, indem er sie mit der Kunstentwicklung synchronisiert:
„Je beliebiger die visuelle Produktion empfunden wurde, desto erbaulicher musste der Diskurs über sie werden. Die Gelehrsamkeit war die treue Begleiterin der Kunst, das war ihre wesentliche (nicht zuletzt ökonomische) Funktion, sozusagen die epistemologische Homebase des Paradigmas. Ihr Erfolg am Markt war beider Erfolg, sobald ihr Unternehmen allerdingsin Schwierigkeiten geriet, hatten beide Probleme.“
Eine Bruchlinie bildet nach Fuller die Große Krise von 2019, der plötzliche Zusammenbruch des Kunstmarktes, der weltweit so viele Existenzen zerstört hat. Fullers Darstellung (Kap. 12: Bloody Saturday) erinnert eindrücklich an diese Wendezeit, als – Sie werden sich vielleicht erinnern – bei Sothebys ein seltener Duchamp erstmals sogar unter den Wert eines mittelformatigen Goyas fiel. In der Folge geriet der „Cultural Turn“ selbst unter Druck:
„Heute ist ja weitgehend vergessen, dass VDs (= Visual Designer, Anm. d. Hrsg.) damals noch als Einzelpersonen, rechtlich unter der Berufsbezeichnung ‚bildende Künstler’ agierten und noch nicht angestellt waren. Auch wenn der Markt noch florierte, war das Auskommen vieler dieser ‚Künstler’ noch höchst unsicher, ihre Existenz leidvoll, flankiert und ermuntert von einer Kunsttheorie, die mit der seltsamen Bezeichnung ‚autonom’ das existenzielle und finanzielle Elend dieser Menschen legitimierte.“
Ein ganzes Kapitel widmet Fuller nun der widersprüchlichen Übergangszeit nach der Krise, als die VD-Agenturen wie Saatchi und Gates die „freien Künstler“ unter Vertrag stellten. Das Angestelltenverhältnis wurde am Anfang natürlich als Erlösung, aber interessanter Weise in dieser frühen Phase auch als Einschränkung empfunden. Das Signierverbot setzte sich erst langsam durch. Sogar Kunstakademien waren in gewisser Weise ja unabhängig, bevor sie schlossen. In Kap. 15 (Fine Arts: From Expression to Training) zeigt Fuller eindrücklich, dass die heutigen Trainingscenter der VD-Agenturen ursprünglich aus den alten Kunstakademien und –universitäten geboren wurden und wie noch längere Zeit versucht wurde, eine heute schwer nachzuvollziehende Trennung zwischen Werbung und Kunstausübung aufrecht zu erhalten. […]
Besonders ans Herz legen möchte ich Ihnen Fullers Exkurs zur Rolle staatlicher Kunstförderung (Kap. 17: Wild Production). Aus den alten Akten der Ministerien rekonstruiert Fuller mit archivalischem Fleiß, dass zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts tatsächlich noch die Produktion von Kunst (und nicht wie heute ausschließlich die Konsumtion) staatlich gefördert wurde. Es mutet absurd an: Theaterstücke, Filme, Bilder, ja sogar ganze Bücher wurden zu Hauf aus Steuermitteln finanziert, ohne dass man wusste, wie viele Besucher zu den Ausstellungen kommen werden oder ob es überhaupt Besucher oder Leser eines geförderten Produkts geben wird. Das blieb alles dem Zufall überlassen, was, obwohl es gar nicht so lange her ist, wirklich unvorstellbar anmutet: Es gab keinen einzigen professionellen Leser (Lesen wurde noch als Privatsache betrachtet), es gab keine neurobiologischen Verständnistests, kein staatlich anerkanntes Empfindungszertifikat an den Bildern. Es wurde einfach auf gut Glück produziert. Im Grunde war klar, dass dieses wild wuchernde System implodieren musste und damit dem „Cultural Turn“ die Grundlagen entzog. […]
Das besondere Verdienst Fullers ist die Betrachtung der Gegenwart. So überzeugend der Prozess der Durchsetzung des Konzepts der Gelehrsamkeit und sein Niedergang von Fuller nachgezeichnet wird, so unsicher bleibt er natürlich bei der Debatte jenes Begriffes, der gegenwärtig so heftig diskutiert wird. Der Terminus „The Social“ (Sie würden wohl den Begriff „Gesellschaft“ verwenden) bereitet Fuller, und da ist er beileibe nicht der einzige unter den zeitgenössischen Autoren, durchaus Schwierigkeiten. Nun wäre es allzu beckmesserisch, dies der Arbeit als einen gravierenden Mangel anzulasten, gemeint ist nach Fuller „die Wiederentdeckung des Begriffes Gesellschaft“ (Kap. 18: The Social Turn. An Ambivalent Project), die sich in so vielen Arbeiten derzeit parallel ereignet.
In manchem erscheinen die Neuerer freilich als Etikettenschwindler. Der „Social Turn“ ist häufig nichts anderes als eine semantische Transformation, ein Wortgeklingel, und Sie könnten statt „Gesellschaft“ ebenso gut auch unser altes, vertrautes „Kultur“ einsetzen. Aber es wäre ungerecht, das Neue in Bausch und Bogen zu verdammen.
Der Paradigmenwechsel besteht, und er besteht, dies ist Fullers These, in Wahrheit aber in einem Rückgriff auf Konzepte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Fuller zeigt, dass etwa Goldmanns „Society and Knowledge“ oder das bahnbrechende „Political Economics“ von Sarah Peters in vielem auf Konzepten der „Kritischen Sozialwissenschaft“ (– im Original deutsch, Anm. d. Hrsg.) des 20. Jahrhunderts beruhen. Eindrucksvoll weist Fuller abschließend auf Autoren wie Theodor Adorno (Kap. 20: The Beauty of Dialectics), Jürgen Habermas (Kap. 21: Reason, Boredom and Speech) und Max Hörkheimer (sic!, Anm. d. Hrsg.) hin, der mir leider unbekannt ist.
[…] hoffe ich also, ihnen mit meiner Darstellung gedient zu haben. Angeregt von Fuller habe ich mir übrigens eben einen Band von Adorno aus der alten dorophonischen Bibliothek besorgt und versuche gerade, seine „Ästhetische Theorie“ zu lesen. Ein enigmatisches Werk, aber eine faszinierende Lektüre, die ich Ihnen nur empfehlen kann. In ihrem Verlagsarchiv müsste noch ein Exemplar zu finden sein.
Mit besten Grüßen
Ihr
O. Johnsen.
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Dieser Text erschein erstmals in ART AND NOW: Über die Zukunft künstlerischer Produktivitätsstrategien, Wien 2010, S. 106ff.
HEROES
The heroes list was put together by the artists who participated in the introductory panel at DLD (Jan 21.2013). They listed cultural references they are inspired by.
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Dieser Text erschien in mehreren Fassungen unter: http://89plus.com/about/ [5.8.2013].
The category of “contemporary art” is not a new one. What is new is the sense that, in its very heterogeneity, much present practice seems to float free of historical determination, conceptual definition, and critical judgment. Such paradigms as “the neo-avant-garde” and “postmodernism,” which once oriented some art and theory, have run into the sand, and, arguably, no models of much explanatory reach or intellectual force have risen in their stead. At the same time, perhaps paradoxically, “contemporary art” has become an institutional object in its own right: in the academic world there are professorships and programs, and in the museum world departments and institutions, all devoted to the subject, and most tend to treat it as apart not only from prewar practice but from most postwar practice as well.
Is this floating-free real or imagined? A merely local perception? A simple effect of the end-of-grand-narratives? If it is real, how can we specify some of its principal causes, that is, beyond general reference to “the market” and “globalization”? Or is it indeed a direct outcome of a neoliberal economy, one that, moreover, is now in crisis? What are some of its salient consequences for artists, critics, curators, and historians – for their formation and their practice alike? Are there collateral effects in other fields of art history? Are there instructive analogies to be drawn from the situation in other arts and disciplines? Finally, are there benefits to this apparent lightness of being? 1
As you can see, the questions are directed at critics and curators based in North America and Western Europe; I hope they do not appear too provincial as a result. I have arranged the extracts with an eye to connections that exist between them. My purpose here is simply to suggest the state of the debate on “the contemporary” in my part of the world today.
First from Grant Kester, a historian of contemporary art, based in southern California:
The problem of “the contemporary” is rooted in a tension that emerged when Western art history was first formalized as a discipline. The generation of European historians that helped establish the discipline in the mid-nineteenth century found itself confronted by a vast range of new and unfamiliar artifacts that were circulating throughout Europe as a result of colonial expansion into Africa, Asia, and the Americas, as well as early archaeological excavations in Italy and Greece. Historians and philosophers raised the question of how contemporary viewers could transcend the differences that existed between themselves and very different cultures whose works of art they admired – cultures whose shared meanings were inaccessible to them due to distances of time or space.
Then from James Elkins, a meta-theorist of art history, based in Chicago:
From the perspectives of “world art history” and its critics today, “the contemporary” would appear to be either exempted from the discipline of art history, because of its position outside or before art histories, or exemplary of the discipline, because of its newfound universality (i. e., by definition “the contemporary” exists everywhere).
Next from Miwon Kwon, a contemporary art critic and historian based in Los Angeles:
Contemporary art history sits at a crossroads in the uneven organization of the subfields that comprise the discipline of art history. Within most university art history departments, one group of subfields covering Western developments is organized chronologically, as periods (i. e., from Ancient to Modern, with Medieval and Renaissance in between). Another group of subfields that covers non-Western developments is identified geographically, as culturally discrete units even if they encompass an entire continent (i. e., African, Chinese, Latin American, etc.) The category of contemporary art history, while institutionally situated as coming after the Modern, following the temporal axis of Western art history as the most recent period (starting in 1945 or 1960 depending on how a department divides up faculty workload or intellectual territory), is also the space in which the contemporaneity of histories from around the world must be confronted simultaneously as a disjunctive yet continuous intellectual horizon, integral to the understanding of the present (as a whole). Contemporary art history, in other words, marks both a temporal bracketing and a spatial encompassing, a site of a deep tension between very different formations of knowledge and traditions, and thus a challenging pressure point for the field of art history in general.
For instance, what is the status of contemporary Chinese art history? What is the time frame for such a history? How closely should it be linked to Chinese art, cultural, or political history? How coordinated should it be with Western art history or aesthetic discourse? Is contemporary Chinese art history a subfield of contemporary art history? Or are they comparable categories, with the presumption that the unnamed territory of contemporary art history is Western/American?
Then from Joshua Shannon, a historian of postwar art, from the mid-Atlantic area near Washington, D.C.:
In the last twenty-five years, the academic study of contemporary art has grown from a fringe of art history to the fastest-developing field in the discipline. It is not so long ago that dissertations on living artists were all but prohibited, while statistics published this year by the College Art Association confirm that job searches in contemporary art history now outnumber those in any other specialization, with almost twice as many positions in the field, for example, as in Renaissance and Baroque combined. We might wonder whether a discipline too long afraid of the present has now become besotted with it.
Next from Richard Meyer, a theorist of “the contemporary,“ based in Los Angeles:
Recently, I have put to my “contemporary” students several questions that are at once straightforward and aggressive. Why are you studying art history if what you really want is to write about the current moment? Where are the archival and research materials on which you will draw – in the files of a commercial gallery, in a drawer in the artist’s studio, in the works of art themselves, in a series of interviews that you intend to conduct with the artist, in a theoretical paradigm that you plan to apply to the work, or in an ideological critique of the current moment? What distinguishes your practice as a contemporary art historian from that of an art critic? And how does the history of art matter to the works you plan to write about and to the scholarly contribution you hope to make?
Then from Pamela Lee, a scholar on postwar art, based in San Francisco:
Call it “the moving target syndrome.” At what point does a stack of press releases turn into something like a proper reception history? How do you write about a contemporary artist whose work shifts radically in mid-stream? And what does one do when the topics that seemed so pressing and so critical just a few short art-world seasons back lose that sense of urgency? There is, then, a paradoxical way we might characterize the problem: contemporary art history is premature because it is always in a perpetual state of becoming, one that alternates endlessly between novelty and critical (as well as commercial) exhaustion.
Next from Mark Godfrey, a young curator of contemporary art at Tate Modern in London:
If it is correct that no “paradigms” have emerged in the place of those such as “the neo-avant-garde” and “postmodernism,” then one should first look precisely to the success of those discourses to understand why. The critical discourse of postmodernism caused most historians and critics to distrust any overarching and monolithic model that would account for what is most compelling about contemporary art. At the same time, following the impact of postcolonial theory and a simple widening of our horizons, American and European art historians and curators have become far more attentive to contemporary art as it emerges across the world. Most acknowledge that serious art is being made in China, Latin America, South Africa, and so on, but few have the opportunities to see what is being made. With this situation, who would presume to name a new paradigm? A new name would assume a totalizing explanatory power and be akin to a hubristic, neocolonial move. One also begins to distrust the presumptions of the previous paradigms. How useful are the terms “neo-avant-garde” or “postmodernism” when we think about the art that emerged in centers away from North America and Western Europe where modernism and the avant-garde signified quite differently?
Then from Terry Smith, an Australian art historian with special expertise on the contemporary, based in Pittsburgh:
How has the current world-picture changed since the aftermath of the Second World War led to the reconstruction of an idea of Europe, since decolonization opened up Africa and Asia, with China and India emerging to superpower status but others cycling downwards, since the era of revolution versus dictatorship in South America led first to the imposition of neoliberal economic regimes and then to a continent-wide swing towards populist socialism? As the system built on First-, Second-, Third-, and Fourth-world divisions imploded, what new arrangements of power came into being? Now that the post-1989 juggernaut of one hyperpower, unchecked neoliberalism, historical self-realization, and the global distribution of ever-expanding production and consumption tips over the precipice, what lies in the abyss it has created? Above all, how do we, in these circumstances, connect the dots between world-picturing and place-making, the two essential parameters of our being?
Next from Alex Alberro, a Canadian historian of postwar art, based in New York:
The contemporary is witnessing the emergence of a new technological imaginary following upon the unexpected and unregulated global expansion of the new communication and information technologies of the Internet. For one thing, technological art objects have increasingly come to replace tangible ones in art galleries and museums, which have seen an upsurge in high-tech hybrids of all kinds, from digital photography, to film and video installations, to computer and other new-media art. The “white cube” has begun to be replaced by the “black box,” and the small-screen film or video monitor by the large-scale wall projection. For another thing, the image has come to replace the object as the central concern of artistic production and analysis. In the academy, the rise of visual studies in this period is symptomatic of the new preeminence of the image. Furthermore, the imaginary of this shift from analog to digital has had a number of unpredictable effects. One of the most striking of these is the proliferation of artworks that employ fiction and animation to narrate facts, as if to say that today the real must be fictionalized in order to be thought, that the real is so mind-boggling that it is easier to comprehend by analogy.
Then from Tim Griffin, editor-in-chief of Artforum, based in New York:
The potential irony of contemporary art is that by signaling its stand apart, this art actually articulates itself as another niche within the broader cultural context – as just one more interest among so many others. Such a development is paradoxical in its implications. It becomes increasingly important for art to assert its own distinctiveness in order to exist – often by reinscribing itself within its various histories, projecting previous eras’ interpretive models onto present circumstances – at the same time that such an assertion makes art resemble current mass culture all the more.
Next from Yates McKee, a young activist/critic based in the Midwest:
The multiple institutionalizations of contemporary art entail new modes of affiliation, possibility, and complicity for artistic and critical activity. Without disavowing the urgency of macro-systemic analysis, assessing these entanglements is a matter of close, site-specific reading rather than blanket celebration or denunciation. This means refusing to reduce contemporary art to a flavor-of-the-month novelty either as peddled by art-market boosters, on the one hand, or as preemptively dismissed by guardians of art-historical authority on the basis of melancholic – and often hypocritically self-exculpating – narratives of “the cultural logic of late capitalism,” on the other. Following the example of curator and critic Okwui Enwezor, the increasingly transnational scope of contemporary art in discursive, institutional, and economic terms needs to be recognized as a productive intellectual challenge to entrenched artistic, critical, and historical traditions, requiring the latter two to engage artistic practice in light of the ongoing contradictions of what Enwezor has called the “postcolonial constellation.”
Then from T. J. Demos, a historian of contemporary art, based in London:
One risk is to fall victim to the ultimately patronizing multicultural “respect” for difference that disavows any criticality whatsoever. The latter potentially disguises a neocolonial relation to the Other, as Slavoj Zˇizˇek argues, for whom multiculturalism may disclose “a disavowed, inverted, self-referential form of racism, a ‘racism with a distance’ – it ‘respects’ the Other’s identity, conceiving the Other as a self-enclosed ‘authentic’ community towards which he, the multiculturalist, maintains a distance rendered possible by his privileged universal position.”2
Next from Kelly Baum, a young curator of contemporary art at my home institution, Princeton University:
What if art’s heterogeneity signals possibility instead of dysfunction? What if heterogeneity is art’s pursuit instead of its affliction? What if, in its very heterogeneity, art were to productively engage current socio-political conditions – conditions that are reducible to neither neo-liberalism nor globalization?
I think what we are seeing today is art miming its context. I think we are witnessing art performing “agonism,“ “disaggregation,“ and “particularization.“ Heterogeneity isn’t just contemporary art’s condition, in other words; it is its subject as well.
Finally from Rachel Haidu, a young historian of postwar art, based in upstate New York:
Why – other than for the narcissistic pleasures related to knowing – do we want a relationship to history? Your questions frame the relevance of history to our critical relationships to art, but what about those desires, fantasies, and displacements of which criticism is made? Certainly they are wedged into our criticism of art’s relation to history. When art forces us to examine them in specific and productive ways, we are lucky: otherwise, what is the point of asking art (let alone the institutionalization of art) to find historical complexity or weight? For the sake of weight alone? To reassure us of our relations to a history without which we would feel … guilty? Irrelevant?
1.) Hal Foster for the Editors, “Questionnaire on ‘The Contemporary,’” October 130 (Fall 2009): 3.
2.) Slavoj Zˇizˇek, “Multiculturalism, Or, the Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism,”New Left Review 225 (Sept/Oct 1997): 44.
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Dieser Text erschien unter http://www.e-flux.com/journal/contemporary-extracts/ [15.3.2013].
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Dieser Text erschien zuerst in: e-f lux journal # 12, January 2010, http://www.e-f lux.com/journal/what-is-contemporary-art-issue-two/ [3.4.2013].