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Signs of the Times
I advance the thesis that any advocacy for the arts in the wake of the Information Age must first argue for a paradigm that defines the arts in terms that connote meanings strikingly different than that of “a source of intrinsic satisfaction,” “a shaper of feeling,” or an object of great “aesthetic quality” for the betterment of our daily lives.3 A semiotic turn is required.
Semiotics is characterized as the “translation of content from one sign system into another” or from one system of networked meanings to another.4 Charles S. Peirce, the originator of the semiotic theory of signs, -described a sign as “something by knowing which we know something more”5. Umberto Eco (1976) writes that, “A sign is everything which can be taken as signi-ficantly substituting for something else”6. Pragmatically speaking, we reason “from sign to sign” in order to better understand a concept and surround it more fully.7 The umbrella of understandings produced by a sign -system constitutes a paradigm. A paradigm models a pattern of signs and meanings that is consistently self-similar. As long as a system of semiotic exemplars is -embraced as significantly informative, the resultant paradigm may continue to act as a watershed against competing systems of understanding.
Broadsides in the Contest for Semiotic Relevance
NAEA policy broadsides seek to increase public support for arts and art education policies.8 I was struck by the semiotics at work in the language and meaning of these broadsides, most of which are couched around the plea: “Where’s The Art? Yet if their intended audience operate under the umbrella of a paradigm that fails to recognize a deficit of art in their homes, social settings, and public school curricula, that audience will see no sense in making the study of the arts an equal priority to other academic subjects. A plea for more art would prove to be an ineffective advocacy gambit. Other NAEA policy broadsides feature the questions “Why Teach Art?” and “Why Study Art?” But these are also likely to be ineffective pleas if their intended audience assumes the answers to these questions consigns students to activities in which to creatively express themselves or learn the names and works of famous artists. In these pleas, the arts are cast simultaneously as an academic subject appropriate for the agenda of public education and also as an academic subject for which relevancy is held in question.
How have certain policies regarding the arts in education come into being and why do they persist? Connotation and collaterality is heavily at work in any semiotic system.9 Ferdinand de Saussure10 offers insight into the role of connotation and collaterality in semiotics by emphasizing the combinatory possibilities between the signs within a system of signs; Saussure describes these combinatory possibilities as syntagmatic relations. For instance, however one defines art will also dictate how one defines the concepts of artist, artwork, art history, art education, arts policy, and arts advocacy. The dynamics of these kinds of connotation and collaterality in semiotically derived understandings produces Buczynska-Garewicz’s “chain of interpretation”11 and Eco’s “unlimited semiosis.”12 This characterization coincides with Daniel McCool’s explication of the fluid parameters of public policy, explaining that “policy does not exist in discrete units; it is part of a complex system without clear demarcations”13.
But just as important to the premise of this article is Saussure’s explication of the oppositional properties in semiotically derived understandings. Saussure described the contrastive properties of sign systems as paradigmatic oppositions wherein “the choice of one term necessarily excludes the other”14. Art educator Harold Pearse has developed a framework for examining oppositional sign systems defining thought and action in the practice of art education.15 Pearse’s framework began as an interpolation of the work of Canadian curriculum theorist Ted Aoki16. Aoki originally sought to adapt Jürgen Habermas’s philosophical inquiry into the paradigms of human knowing17 in order to inform his own teaching and writing.
According to Pearse,18 there are at least three prevailing paradigms of thought and action in art education that oppose one another in shaping an understanding of what art is. An empirical-analytic paradigm defines art as a system of production, a cause and effect intervention into a stockpile of empirical and manipulable elements, a commodity-oriented process “that has as its basic intent a cognitive interest in the control of objects in the world”19. An interpretive-hermeneutic paradigm defines art as a system of communication, the expression of situated knowledge about a person’s relationship with his or her social world.20 A critical-theoretic paradigm defines art as a system of reflection, a relativist and liberatory activity rendering invisible assumptions, -values, and norms newly visible “in order to transform” unjust social relations and empower marginalized individuals and communities within the practitioner’s social world.21 In each of these cases, arts practices signify ways of knowing within varying semiotic systems that coexist, but do so oppositionally. Of these three semiotic systems, it is the empirical-analytic paradigm that has dominated in defining art and collateral arts policies throughout the modern era.
Arts Paradigms in Modernity and Postmodernity
In the modern era, our perception of the arts remained anchored in an Age of Exploration ethos when Western art-making was “an instrument of knowledge but … also an instrument of [material] possession”22. The empirical-analytic mindset of the Exploration Age generated a -tenacious definition of art that conflated the sensuousness of raw material with industrialist and capitalist empire-building practices, turning works of art into commodities, collector’s items and symbols of status. The arts, defined as commodities and possessed as totem-like objects fetishizing empiricism and materiality, were commissioned or otherwise acquired at great cost to be displayed in special halls or in royal or papal courts, and collected in cabinets of curiosity with other natural objects. The commoditization of art objects -ultimately served to privilege guild-associated or academically-trained artisanship; the mastery of medium-specific skills and techniques in the production of such objects; the prominence of galleries, exhibition halls, museums and marketplaces to display the quality and/or rarity of either the materials or the exploits involved in crafting and/or appropriating such objects; and the designation of aesthetic beauty ascribed to those objects that most the effectively or completely depicted the -empirical world, served as evidence of scientifically scripted hierarchies, or had the apparent hallmarks of individual creative genius superseding the norm.
Policy rooted in such a definition yields a predi-lection for institutionalized cultural reservoirs preserving objects declared to be great works of art and the masterpieces of Western civilization, framed in con-tradistinction to display cases full of anthropologically authenticated artifacts. Critical theorist and social -philosopher Theodor W. Adorno23 pointed out how the modernist commoditization of the art object as masterpiece and the artist as individual creative genius in -evidence, for instance, in events like the U.S. Kennedy Center Honors, perpetuates the zeitgeist of goodwill -toward the idea of art as cultural product. Along with this goodwill comes a false sense of security for the masses that arts products are being preserved and that society’s artistic coffers are full – both those arts promoted as being regarded with the highest esteem in Western culture, and those arts that are advertised as the culture’s most popular forms of entertainment.
Richard Kearney makes the pronouncement that -“modernity is where we grew up,” but “postmodernity is where we now live”24. In the contest for semiotic re-levance between opposing definitions of art, Pearse went on to suggest a new system for conceptualizing the thought and action originated through arts practices by arguing that we are now in the midst of a postparadigmatic era, “one in a constant state of flux, a kind of perpetual pluralism”25 of opposing paradigms. Steven Connor summarizes the thesis of Jean-François Lyotard’s book The Postmodern Condition26 as follows: “The postmodern condition comes about with the collapse of or extreme skepticism toward … universalizing metanarratives. In place of a single narrative of the unfolding of an essential humanity, Lyotard proposes a multiplicity of different histories and local narratives that is incapable of being summarized or unified into one all-encompassing story.”27
Pearse describes our postmodern condition as a postparadigmatic paradigm where “earlier paradigms continue to exist as both historical artifacts and governing perspectives for some people”28. Thus, we are said to be in an era when no one paradigm of thought and action is able to dominate, where oppositional paradigms have reached an equivalence that cause them to grate upon one another like great tectonic plates, wearing each other down into localized narratives and constantly rearranging fragments of meaning. If we accept the assumption of a semiotic system that both consumes prior signs and creates new signs in the process, it suggests that we are in the midst of a de/re/constructive paradigm. Such a paradigm would enable a particular redefinition of art most suitable for achieving an increase in current public support for arts and art education policies.
I argue that art-making may effectively be reinterpreted as a system of information, a social process interrogating “the relationship between ideas and art” so as to de-emphasize “the value traditionally accorded to the materiality of art objects” in favor of exploring the social “preconditions for how meaning emerges in art, seen as … [varying] semiotic system[s]”29. What kinds of policies towards the arts ought we to pursue if we are in the midst of a postparadigmatic condition redefining the arts as a system producing the myriad meaning-making processes that inform the human condition?
Policy, Purpose, and Habits of Mind
Exploring policy is not fanciful; policy exploration is always a pragmatic exercise since policies are designed to ensure the good of the many. Such purposes are rooted in philosophies and worldviews. Lankford lists “five aims of philosophy of art education”30 as follows: “to justify our reason for being” … such that our goals are so unimpeachable that “society will feel compelled to -support us with salaries, supplies, classrooms, and … mandate that all its children shall study under our -tutelage”31; “to clarify ideas” articulating our purposes, our assumptions, and biases so that our policies reflect our goals with as much internal consistency as possible; “to synthesize ideas” bringing contemporary art edu-cation into growing rapprochement and agreement “with other fields of inquiry and social forces”32; “to -recommend … the shoulds and oughts of art education,” the policies that evolve from the empirical analysis -required to clarify our claims and ideas, and the spe-culation required to bring about new theoretical syntheses;33 and finally “to raise questions” that enlarge our conception of what is possible in education, of what content should be taught, to whom it should be taught, and under what circumstances.34
Art educators must readdress the semiotics of art ideas and art-making actions along with the collateral meanings and oppositional language surrounding these ideas, practices and products before we can expect policies about the arts in education to change for the better. The principles of semiotics suggest that there are habits of mind, habitual interpretations as it were, or “collateral experience”35, which limits the ability of policy-makers and legislators from defining or understanding the arts in any way other than they already see them. Saussure is helpful once again in his emphasis that “no meaning exists in a single item”36 but that definitions and meanings are derived from how signs and events interact. Fomenting a semiotic sea change requires more than just the awareness that the study of language changes language or that the study of the language about a concept changes the reading of that concept. Art educator jan -jagodzinski has suggested a first step: “We should examine cultural practices as signifying systems, as practices of representation, not as the production of beautiful things evoking beautiful feelings. Art-texts produce meanings and positions from which those meanings are consumed…If we replace production for creation then we can begin to get at the social conditions; if we replace consumption for reception we can begin to politicize the act of seeing. The entire syllabus changes when we see art as a form of social practice.”37
This article aims to be just such an examination of the signifying systems that define art and collateral arts policies. But writing this article alone will have no effect on public policies; in order to change policies, -habits and actions must be transformed. The interaction of changes in signs and events, habits and actions will ultimately de/re/construct policy approaches as well.
The Semiotics of Policy Change
Ralph Smith described policy as an enterprise “always addressed to actions,”38 staking effective policymaking to the philosophical groundwork of a pragmatist epistemology. In other words, policy-makers and legislators call it as they see it, designing policies that “determine, organize, regulate, or systematize activities in order to bring about that state of affairs which marks a policy’s purpose”39. Thus, to change a policy presumes a need to initiate action that has new and necessary relevance. Logically, if policies require newfound relevance in order to be effectual, prior policies have likely become less than relevant; systems have reached a point where they need to be rebooted.
Hans Löfgren presents a “model of semiotic change” insistent “that the sign is always subject to change and that it must ultimately be defined in terms of semiotic boundaries”40. Löfgren’s model is useful in that it is framed as a “discursive intervention,” constituting “a method that analyzes change within the sign rather than in terms of the sign”41. If we want to effect change in the public policies advocating the arts, policies that are –collateral to contiguous and yet oppositional paradigms defining art and arts practice, we must first explore the interaction between the paradigms themselves.
The Methodology is the Message
The arts practices in an empirical-analytic paradigm stem from habits producing beautiful forms and techniques to evoke the beautiful as determined by those who assume the power to be the arbiters of good taste.42 The arts practices in an interpretive-hermeneutic paradigm stem from habits closely describing “the ways in which we immediately experience an intimacy with the living world, attending to its myriad textures, sounds, flavors, and gestures”43 through a selected symbolic medium. The arts practices in a critical-theoretic paradigm stem from habits challenging “the taken-for-granted theories and concepts that govern our disciplines and circumscribe our thinking” in order to reveal “the ongoing inequity and social injustice that shape our society”44. In the effort to rethink art education, I would like to advance the argument that the arts practices in a postparadigmatic paradigm stem from habits organizing ideas like those aforementioned, which are both in flux and from a plurality of sources, into useful and -desirable information.
According to library and “information architect” Alex Wright, information is “the juxtaposition of data to create meaning”45. In a postparadigmatic model, arts practices inform the human condition by constituting and reconstituting practice-based methodologies for juxtaposing sensory, phenomenal, and cultural data. This is data that has been deemed significant enough for preservation, further inquiry and wider proliferation. Moreover, a postparadigmatic model for redefining the arts and rethinking arts policies deemphasizes Saussurian paradigmatic oppositions in favor of Saussurian syntagmatic relations. A postparadigmatic paradigm provides safe harbor for other paradigms to persist since it is the juxtaposition of definitions and concepts across paradigms that becomes the necessary fodder for new art-making methodologies to be made. Juxtapositions of formal art elements syntagmatically across -paradigms to blend with either phenomenological experience or critical theoretic intent generate reorganizations of human data in a postparadigmatic paradigm where the methodology itself becomes the message.46
Organizing Information Through Arts Practices
In redefining the arts as a system producing meaning-making processes that inform the human condition, we must consider the data. Alex Wright defines information as much more than the mere cognition of data.47 Data itself is nothing more than relatable facts and elements collected for future reference and use. It is the organization of data that recasts it as information.
Moreover, it is the affect that may be generated by the organization of such data – that is, the ability of particular configurations of data to inform personal emotions and stimulate the formation of new public memories, discourse, and beliefs – which ultimately perpetuates both the significance and the longevity of that data.
The empirical-analytic, interpretive-hermeneutic, critical-theoretic, and postparadigmatic paradigms mentioned throughout this paper are each information systems. As Wright explains it, nature and natural behavior in humans and animals is rife with information systems, evidence of a widespread biological imperative to “preserve information beyond the life of the individual organism through social imitation, and by encoding memes onto their physical environments”48. At the molecular level, DNA is no more than a genetic information system. At the behavioral level, the preservation of information held sacred, significant, or simply more salient than the steady drone of stimuli that would otherwise drive us to distraction leads us to a discussion of the creative acts that serve to anchor our attentions.
The very same data, when organized in a different system, is capable of informing with entirely new meaning. Like the letter C, which makes completely different sense depending on the alphabetical writing system it is inserted in, or on whether it represents a musical note, an algebraic expression, or a position on a chessboard, it is in the myriad juxtapositionings of data within systems that we create the meanings we read and respond to. Arts practices are a human behavior that organizes information through very distinct medium-specific, -experientially representative, and/or theory-laden methodologies. For example, Edvard Munch organized information about human suffering in paint on a canvas differently than Käthe Kollwitz organized such information in her prints and public sculptures, and differently again than Alvin Ailey organized such information through his dance choreography.
Systems of information usually coexist in the form of networks and hierarchies, for example in the way that “human memory can be explained as a system of nested hierarchies running atop a neural network”49. Networked and hierarchical systems for ordering data are described as follows: “A hierarchy is a system of nested groups. For example, an organization chart is a kind of hierarchy, in which employees are grouped into departments, which are in turn grouped into higher-level organizational units, and so on. Other kinds of hierarchies include government bureaucracies, biological taxonomies, or a system of menus in a software application … A network, by contrast, emerges from the bottom up; individuals function as autonomous nodes, negotiating their own relationships, forging ties, coalescing into clusters. There is no ‘top’ in a network; each node is equal and self-directed. Democracy is a kind of network; so is a flock of birds, or the World Wide Web.”50
Just as a particular juxtapositioning organizes data into particular information, alter that juxtapositioning and you have altered the organizing narrative and the likely reading and response to that data. A hierarchical organization of data yields a specific reading, from a starting data set to concluding data set; a networked -organization of data clusters its data rhizomatically, yielding multiple impressions of meaning that alter -depending on the perspective.
Beyond the arts practices, some information is organized with such hierarchical precision and equative balance as to awe us with the order in the universe; no matter where you stand, without ambiguity, one locomotive engine pulls the rest of the cars one by one behind it. The progression of ideas in various branches of the sciences comes to mind. On the other hand, some information is organized to access a network of collateral traditions and connotations and to trigger a torrent of empathy for those who likewise suffer the follies of the human experience. For instance, Francisco de Goya’s depiction of a massacre of Spanish civilians by Napoleon’s troops in The Third of May 1808 networks historical data and imagined details painted with an assurance networking this masterpiece to the work of the Old Masters of 17th century Europe. The painting also networks recollections of centuries of paintings depicting the crucifixion of an innocent Christ to a particular split second in between the volleys of a firing squad. Depictions of common folk in the canon of Western art history are networked to viewer’s memories of family and friends in unjust situations. Whatever the intent of the organizing system, information is always organized for a recurring purpose: to be literally re-cognizable, so as to be easily recalled to memory and thus retain its significance.
This brings us around once again to the notion of the arts as an organizing system of the most human information of all – data impressed with social imperatives and emotional meaning. Information wrought from and melded into manufactured forms, cultural symbolism, and liberatory frameworks are richly complex hierarchies and networks of data. Oral, visual, written and performance arts practices depicting heroes and monsters, gods and earth mothers, migrations and holy men, elements and alchemies, the sciences and religions, injustices and fragile ecologies together constitute some of the most dynamic strategies at our disposal for the conservation and recycling of the data that most effectively informs human beings of who we are, where we come from, what our purpose is, and where we may be going.
The Arts in the Wake of the Information Age
In his article Art Education for New Times, Paul Duncum defines and describes the cultural ramifications of the Information Age.51 The Information Age was that period over the last quarter of the 20th century that saw the rapid globalization of information and communication technologies and the proliferation of the ability to digitize and manipulate information and its traffic. The cultural developments of these new times include: “the treatment of culture as an ordinary, material commodity; the proliferation of electronic visual images; and, the multifaceted construction of individual identity”52. The resultant social effects of this glut of data have been described as follows: “Human beings now produce more than [5,000,000,000,000 megabytes] worth of recorded information per year: documents, e-mail messages, television shows, radio broadcasts, Web pages, medical records, spreadsheets, presentations, books … That is 50,000 times the number of words stored in the Library of Congress, or more than the total number of words ever spoken by human beings. Seventy-five percent of that information is digital … As the proliferation of digital media accelerates, we are witnessing profound social, cultural, and political transformations whose long-term outcome we cannot begin to foresee.”53
Consequently, there has been a reorientation of traditional canons and worldviews within contemporary visual arts and art education disciplinary practices so as to now draw upon and consider the vast traffic of visuality, material culture tropes, and media messages that mark our era.54 This paradigm shift, mining the potential of new juxtapositions, has also become the source of vigorous debate within the art education field in recent years over what is art content and what is non-art content.55
Harold Pearse cautioned that art educators “cannot operate the same way in a world revolutionized by -communication technology and depersonalized consumerism in which we are inundated by the products of the mass media that cause us to constantly question what is real … [and] what is original”56. A significant number of art educators, well aware of the contem-porary shift to a postmodern and postparadigmatic -paradigm, have already embraced the opportunity to change the way we organize the data. It has not been a coincidence that the push for Visual Culture Art Education (VCAE) has heightened during the global tilt from an Exploration and Industrial Age ethos into an Information Age ethos. This article however is not an -argument for VCAE, but rather for the semiotic reinterpretation of the definitions of art that the rise of VCAE has helped to reveal. Caught up in what designer Richard Saul Wurman calls a “tsunami of data”57, where do art educators go from here?
Redefining Art as a System for Organizing Data That Reveals the Human Condition
“Genuine change – change without repetition – has to involve integration: the construction of the new upon the old even as the old is, in this process, reconstructed.”58
Pearse advises that every art educator in this postmodern era “needs to be versed in semiotics and methods for decoding sign systems”59. The preceding quote from Löfgren is reflective of the inherent utility in drawing upon the syntagmatic constitution of a postparadigmatic paradigm in order to foment a semiotic sea change facilitating the public’s understanding of the arts as a system for organizing data that compellingly tells the human condition. Keeping in mind that the most enduring information is information that deeply impresses both our cognitive and affective awareness, I propose policies that promote the arts as a means to better inform ourselves about the things that matter the most to us as local and international communities. The arts enhance human information, recalling and -refining the cargoes of meaning our collected data -carries in tow. Based upon a postparadigmatic recon-ception of the arts, this is information that may be organized around canonized art objects and conventional art-making techniques, a plurality of cultural tropes, and/or iconoclastic themes of social critique in any combination and without partiality.
Arts-based methodologies for organizing human data effectively inform not because they are beautiful, but are beautiful because they carry a berth for our emotions and enthrall our attention, making them altogether effective at delivering their memetic cargo. The arts connect us bodily to ideas that make sense to us. Hence, I suspect that beauty, wherever it is attributed, lies in the re-cognition of the data that most directly informs and validates the story of one’s life. For example, the words of a printed obituary tell of a death, but Mozart’s final Requiem Mass validates and informs in ways that bind the facts surrounding a life that has passed with an unforgettably sublime expression of grief.
While revising an early draft of this article, I happened across the following diagram of a promising new method developed by Syracuse University researchers for delivering insulin to the body through oral dosages rather than through injections. Delivery is accomplished by binding insulin peptides to biomolecules of vitamin B12, protecting the insulin as it passes through the walls of the gastrointestinal tract until it is able to reach the bloodstream.
This image60 serves as an unexpected metaphor for the effective organization of data about the human -experience and the natural world when that data is bound to a methodology that makes art of life and carries that data safely through the boundaries of language, through cultural divides and the passing years. By attaching some elemental form or cultural trope or just idea (the insulin peptide) to an idiosyncratic new methodology for making art (the protective B12 biomo-lecule), the commonplace is made significant and its ability to inform is made more complex, durable, and ultimately more transportable as meaning throughout the corpus of human social interaction.
Methodology is defined “as the entire research process from problem identification to data analysis”61. Cahnmann-Taylor & Siegesmund have defined arts-based research in education as the “arts for scholarship’s sake”62. In my own pedagogical practice I have watched a sixth grader sifting through commonplace materials such – wood scraps and bolts – as part of her methodology for crafting the facsimile of a life-sized little girl. I have supported a fourth grader as he duplicated and reflected on the significance of a commonplace cultural artifact – a U. S. passport – as part of his methodology for representing personal freedom, social mobility, and family identity. And I have witnessed a third grader reinterpreting a commonplace critique – the injustice of bullying – in an iteration of a political cartoon, part of his methodology offering subtext to a rendered standoff between forest animals and an army of bulldozers. In each of these instances of young students extending their scholarship in the art studio, the methodology became the message.
Suggested Policies Advocating a New Relevance for Arts Education
Once the arts are thus redefined, policies reconceptualizing the relevance of the arts begin to reveal themselves. I propose that the targeted audience should first be fellow arts practitioners and arts educators before focusing on the public at large. Löfgren suggests a compelling reason for this strategy: “Social change … always has consequences for the relation of individual and societal. Change liberates the individual from embedding, or recontainment, in the societal. This makes social change dependent on an individual process that has two phases: the articulation of newly liberated individuality and its reinstitutionalization into society.”63
Connecting Löfgren’s suggestion to Lankford’s “five aims of philosophy of art education,”64 I believe arts practitioners and arts educators have the unique opportunity in this day and age to show what an informing arts practice allows us to accomplish. Our newly liberated individuality as arts practitioners and educators will consequently yield new arts education policies that reconceptualize the justification of “our reason for being,” clarify and synthesize ideas, “recommend … the shoulds and oughts of art education,” and “raise questions” that enlarge our conception of what is possible in education. Rather than advocacy broadsides asking questions no one outside our field is seeking to answer, I suggest that we make some bold claims and provide the information that warrants those claims. I am proposing several suggestions to start.
The Arts are a Renewable Resource. Refresh Yourself!
Tell the story of Julia Marshall’s postparadigmatic definition of art as conceptual collage65, the artist as bri-coleur creating ideas from diverse and seemingly incompatible arrays of available things, and the arts practices as “strategies of juxtaposition, decontextualization, and blending”66. In a postparadigmatic paradigm, arts policy should focus less on the idea of the arts as precious objects, events, and legacies to be preserved intact, and more on the idea of the arts as a generator of new innovation, refreshing old data in array of cross-disciplinary contexts.
The Arts Work To Save Lives and Ecologies.
Tell the story of Potters for Peace, an organization of -ceramic artists developing innovative and aesthetically designed water-filtering ceramic technology in juxtaposition with public health and social justice concerns in order to confront the number one killer of children worldwide, unsanitary drinking water67. In a postparadigmatic paradigm, arts advocacy should focus less on the idea of the arts as historical artifact, and give equal light to the arts as a source generating contemporary -solutions for age-old problems.
The Arts Work To Keep Technology Interfaces Human.
Tell the work of art educators Stephen Carpenter and Pamela Taylor and their juxtaposition of autobiographical and education theory data in the creation of computer hypertext utilizing text, images, and video in response to Jasper Johns’s 1983 painting Racing Thoughts. In a postparadigmatic paradigm, arts practice in art -education develops methodologies for coming to terms with living in “a technomediated culture that has changed forever the way we see” and a means to generate new methods for “informing and being informed by” works of art “in a way that reflects the technome-diated culture in which we live”68.
The Arts Organize New Information About All We Continue To Hold Dear.
Tell the story I have outlined in this article. In a postparadigmatic paradigm, arts policy should advocate funding for arts initiatives that valorize informing arts practices as a present catalyst for social renewal and community enterprise, and not merely as a reservoir for perpetuating socio-cultural traditions.
In Conclusion
If we apply Löfgren’s insights to the quest for effective arts education policy, there will have to be a period where arts educators each live out and activate the change in their own arts practices and pedagogy as an individual “instantiation of semiotic change”69 based on new language about the arts. We must accomplish this before we can reasonably expect “societal instantiation of semiotic change”70 to fully manifest itself as new national purpose and public policy toward the arts. I have argued for the timeliness of a reconceived paradigm for understanding and advocating the relevancy of arts practices in the wake of the Information Age. This article rethinks the semiotics defining art in an era of shifting paradigms and the questioned relevance of the arts in education. My hope is that this policy exploration will serve to provide new language for arts and arts education practitioners first, and ultimately for those policy-makers we seek to influence.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien zuerst in: International Journal of Education & the Arts, 9 (Interlude 1), 2008, www.ijea.org/v9i1
1.) Elliot W. Eisner, The arts and the creation of mind. New Haven & London 2002.
2.) S. Fish, “Will the humanities save us?”, The New York Times [Opinion], http://fish.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/06/will-the-humanities-save-us [1/8/2008]
3.) Harry S. Broudy, “Aesthetic education in a technological society: The other excuses of art”, Journal of Aesthetic Education, 1 (1), 1966, pp. 13–23, here p. 21.
4.) Charles Suhor, “Towards a semiotics-based curriculum”, Journal of Curriculum Studies, 16, 1984, pp. 247–257, here p. 250.
5.) Charles Hardwick (Ed.), Semiotics and significs: The correspondence between Charles S. Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby. Bloomington 1977, p. 31.
6.) Umberto Eco, A theory of semiotics. Bloomington 1976, p. 7.
7.) Deborah L. Smith-Shank, “Semiotic pedagogy and art education”, Studies in Art Education, 36 (4), 1995, pp. 233–241, here p. 235.
8.) NAEA, 2008, National Art Education Association advocacy web site www.naea-reston.org/news_advocacy_15flyers.html [2/26/2008].
9.) Roland Barthes, Mythologies. St. Albans and London 1973; Steve Baker, “The hell of connotation”, Word and Image, 1 (2), 1985, pp. 164–175; Terry Eagleton, Literary theory: An introduction. London 1983.
10.) Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in general linguistics. London 1974.
11.) Hanna Buczynska-Garewicz, “The interpretant and a system of signs”, Ars Semeiotica, 4, 1981, pp. 187–200, here p. 188.
12.) Eco 1976, p. 68.
13.) Daniel McCool, “The theoretical foundation of policy studies”, in: Idem (Ed.), Public policy theories, models, and concepts: An anthology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1995, pp. 1–27, here p. 4.
14.) David Silverman, A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about qualitative research. London 2007, p. 71.
15.) Harold Pearse, “Brother, can you spare a paradigm? The theory beneath the practice”, Studies in Art Education, 24 (3), 1983, pp. 158–163; Harold Pearse, “Beyond paradigms: Art education theory and practice in a postparadigmatic world”, Studies in Art Education, 33 (4), 1992, pp. 244–252.
16.) Ted Aoki, “Toward curriculum inquiry in a new key”, in: James Victoria, Elizabeth Sacca (Eds.), Presentations on art education research: Phenomenological description, Potential for research in art education, 2, Montreal 1978, pp. 47–69.
17.) Jürgen Habermas, Knowledge and human interests. Boston 1971.
18.) Pearse 1983, op. cit.
19.) Op. cit., p. 159.
20.) Op. cit., p. 160.
21.) Op. cit., p. 161.
22.) Claude Lévi-Strauss quoted in John Berger, Ways of seeing. London 1972, p. 86.
23.) Theodor W. Adorno The culture industry: Selected essays on mass culture. London 1991.
24.) Richard Kearney, The wake of imagination: Toward a postmodern culture. Minneapolis 1988, p. 18.
25.) Pearse 1992, p. 250.
26.) Jean-François Lyotard, The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. Minneapolis 1984.
27.) Steven Connor, “Postmodernist culture: An introduction to theories of the Contemporary”, in: Michal Payne (Ed.), A dictionary of cultural and critical theory, Oxford 1996, pp. 428-432, here p. 431.
28.) Pearse 1992, p. 249.
29.) Edward A. Shanken, “Art in the information age: Technology and conceptual art”, LEONARDO, 35 (4), 2002, pp. 433–438, here p. 434.
30.) E. L. Lankford, “Philosophy of art education: Focusing our vision”, Studies in Art Education, 33 (4), 1992, pp. 195–200, here p. 197.
31.) Op. cit., p. 197.
32.) Op. cit., p. 198.
33.) Ibid.
34.) Op. cit., p. 199.
35.) Smith-Shank, 1995.
36.) Cited in Silverman 2007, p. 72.
37.) jan jagodzinski, “A para-critical/sitical/sightical reading of Ralph Smith’s Excellence in art education”, Journal of Social Theory in Art Education, 11, 1991, pp. 119–159, here p. 149.
38.) Ralph Smith, “Justifying policy for aesthetic education”, Studies in Art Education, 20 (1), 1978, pp. 37–42, here p. 37.
39.) Smith 1978, p. 37, emphasis in original.
40.) Hans Löfgren, “Projecting a model of semiotic change”, boundary 2, 24 (2), 1997, pp. 245–268, here p. 256.
41.) Löfgren 1997, p. 246.
42.) jagodzinski 1991; Mary Ann Stankiewicz, Roots of art education practice. Massachusetts 2001.
43.) Mary Beth Cancienne, Celeste N. Snowber, “Writing rhythm: Movement as method”, Qualitative Inquiry, 9 (2), 2003, pp. 237–253, here p. 238.
44.) Gloria Ladson-Billings, “It’s your world, I’m just trying to explain it: Understanding our epistemological and methodological challenges”, Qualitative Inquiry, 9 (1), 2003, pp. 5–12, here p. 11.
45.) Alex Wright, Glut: Mastering information through the ages. Washington 2007, p. 10.
46.) Julia Marshall, “Visible thinking: Using contemporary art to teach conceptual skills”, Art Education, 61 (2), 2008, pp. 38–45.
47.) Wright 2007.
48.) Op. cit., p. 19.
49.) Op. cit., p. 7.
50.) Ibid.
51.) Paul Duncum, “Art education for new times”, Studies in Art Education, 38 (2), 1997, pp. 69–79.
52.) Op. cit., p. 69.
53.) Wright 2007, p. 6.
54.) James Elkins, Visual studies: A skeptical introduction. New York 2003; Gustavo E. Fischman, “Reflections about images, visual culture and educational Research”, Educational Researcher, 30 (8), 2001, pp. 28–33; Hal Foster, Vision and visuality. Seattle 1988; Kerry Freedman, “Social perspectives on art education in the U.S.: Teaching visual culture in a democracy”, Studies in Art Education, 41 (4), 2003, pp. 314–329; Nicholas Mirzoeff (Ed.), The visual culture reader. (2nd ed.) New York and London 2002; McLuhan, Understanding media: The extensions of man. Massachusetts 1964/1994.
55.) Paul Duncum, “Visual culture: Developments, definitions, and directions for art Education”, Studies in Art Education, 42 (2), 2001, pp. 101–112; Freedman 2000; Michelle Marder Kamhi, “Where’s the art in today’s art education?”, Arts Education Policy Review, 104 (4), 2003, pp. 9–12; Peter J. Smith, “Visual culture studies versus art education”, Arts Education Policy Review, 104 (4), 2003, pp. 3–8.
56.) Pearse 1992, p. 248.
57.) Cited by Wright 2007, p. 6.
58.) Löfgren 1997, p. 264.
59.) Pearse 1992, p. 250.
60.) Figure 1, as can be found on the blog via the QR code at the end of this text: Vitamin B12 as a Carrier for the Oral Delivery of Insulin. Amanda K. Petrus et al., “Vitamin B12 as a carrier for the oral delivery of insulin”, ChemMedChem, 2, 2007, pp. 1717–21.
61.) John W. Creswell, Research design: Qualitative & quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks 1994, p. xvii.
62.) Melisa Cahnmann-Taylor, Richard Siegesmund (Eds.), Arts-based research in education: Foundations for practice. New York 2008, p. 1.
63.) Löfgren 1997, p. 263.
64.) Lankford 1992.
65.) Marshall 2008.
66.) Marshall 2008, p. 40.
67.) A recent story about Potters for Peace may be found at www.thebatt.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=1ff695c9-b065-42e2-81d2-22e0522787a4
68.) B. Stephen Carpenter, Pamela G. Taylor, “Racing thoughts: Altering our ways of knowing and being in art through computer hypertext”, Studies in Art Education, 45 (1), 2003, pp. 40–55, here p. 48.
69.) Löfgren, 1997, p. 260.
70.) Ibid.
Why is educational policy change needed?
Policy makers around the world have used the lead-up to the new millennium, with its elevated sense of fear, anxiety and excitement, to create, what Kotter refers to as ‘a sense of urgency’1 to support the need for educational reform. The adoption of a neoliberal agenda by many Western nations, initially, brought with it reform initiatives, based on market-principles, such as decentralization, privatization and standardization.2 In education, policy initiatives were sold based on their potential to address economic issues, prepare students to be competitive in a global work environment, and reduce inequities.3 As educational researchers have discovered, over the past two decades, these reforms are beginning to increase both literacy and numeracy levels in Canada. However, inequities still exist. In fact, many critical researchers would argue that these reforms are actually causing an increase in student disengagement and an increase in the achievement gap between the rich and the poor, particularly with respect to youth who have already been marginalized due to race, class, gender, ethnicity or sexual orientation.4 Additionally, standardization both in curriculum and in assessment has also been linked to increasing student disengagement, both in marginalized youth, as well as in youth who have been identified as ‘gifted’.5 The use of externally imposed standards creates a set of power dynamics in schools and classrooms and reduces opportunities for teachers and students to engage in relevant, meaningful, and critical work that draws from their own lived experiences.6
What is critical democratic pedagogy?
Critical democratic theory sees education or learning as an on-going, two-way, dialectic process that is built around the experiences of the student and allows for critical thinking and action to help students grow. In a truly democratic school, students are given the opportunity to have their voices heard and to build on their previous experiences and interests to plan for their continuing growth.7 Traditional hierarchies must be broken down and teachers must also be learners (particularly learning from their students) and being critically reflective about their practice to bring about conscientization.8 Teachers become facilitators to help students as they: share experiences and learn from each other; undertake critical inquiry and create their own plans of action. The importance of dialogue (between students, teachers, administration, parents and community) must be stressed. Tension between opposing conditions (subject and object, the individual and world, the word and the world) is seen as impetus for growth. As Freire states “the subjectivity and objectivity thus join in a dialectical unity producing knowledge in solidarity with action, and vice versa.”9
Critical pedagogy, as outlined by Freire10 must include critical and creative thinking, not just skills. The critical aspect must examine not only political issues, but also issues of social justice and equity. In a culture of democracy, the dialectic nature of both critique and possibility go hand in hand. Critical democratic pedagogy offers the opportunity for teachers and students to ask the tough questions about their lived experiences and the contradictions that they encounter: why?; for what purpose/goal?; and in whose interest? For the purpose of this paper, I will be using the conception of a developmental and robust democracy, which necessitates a ‘way of life’ and which holds as its non-negotiables the values of openness, respectful dialogue, serious inquiry, reason, equity and comfort with ambiguity. As a way of life, this set ‘framework of principles’11 can serve to guide processes in the classroom, school, community and at the policy table.
The ‘democratic’ aspect pushes the concept of critical democratic pedagogy even further. A democratic process cannot work with an individual doing critical inquiry on their own, even though individual self-reflection is an important part of the process. The democratic process involves bringing multiple voices together, seeing things from multiple perspectives, dialoguing, discussing, debating and working together to form action plans to create a difference. The process is particularly valu-able when contradictions arise. Critical democratic pedagogy welcomes the tension and accepts the possible ambiguity knowing that life is dynamic and constantly changing, and that situations or events can be viewed quite differently in different contexts. In a truly robust democracy, students need to be encouraged, supported and provided with opportunities to express their opinions and challenge policies with which they disagree, based on their lived experiences.12
bell hooks argues that this pedagogy of hope and social justice will help everyone to “decolonize their minds”13, to challenge what they know, why they know it, and what the value of that knowledge is. This in turn can lead to unlearning racism, sexism and any of the ‘other’isms, realizing validation of personal knowledge, and developing tools of inquiry, critical thinking, and self-empowerment. Too often, there is little time or public space – at a school or on a larger scale – to be able to realize meaningful conversations about who has privilege and advantage, what the norms, values, and assumptions are that are embedded in our design and implementation of schooling, and whose knowledge and experience is truly valued.14
Neoliberalism promotes an elitist and reductionist mentality.15 Students who do not fit the mold or who may be disadvantaged (due to physical, intellectual, cultural, socio-economic, or geographic factors) often hit systemic barriers which limit their ability to be successful in training for the work-force, and may be ‘left by the wayside’. Democracy in education counters this by valuing each individual, by providing continual opportunities for critical inquiry, multiple and creative opportunities for student voice, and individual growth opportunities. Critical democratic engagement is realized in the processes and relationships within which learning for democratic reconstruction occurs. Engagement is generated through the interactions of students and teachers, in a shared space, for the purpose of democratic reconstruction, through which personal growth or transformation occurs.16 In contrast to the notion of engagement as something that is either the responsibility of students, or something teachers do to students, bell hooks envisions engagement as a method of empowerment for students and teachers alike.17 This approach to learning supports the empowerment of student voice, and the resulting learning happens on two levels: meaningful student learning, and enhanced understanding by adults about how young people experience schooling and education.18
Why use the arts?
In the early 1970s, the notion of aesthetic education and aesthetic pedagogy began to receive increased attention, primarily due to the work of writers and theorists such as Elliot W. Eisner19 and Harry S. Broudy20. In the early years, both thought that the problems of introducing aesthetic education into the classroom were allegedly solvable through the adequate and appropriate training of school people who are in some way involved. More recently, scholars such as Landon Beyer21 have argued that it will take much more than the pedagogical training of teachers to implement a serious aesthetics program that may serve, in Habermas’s22 terms, an emancipatory function, due to the role schools continue to play in reproducing the social and political order of North American society. He further argues that the reproductive function of the educational system may be legitimated and furthered by some of the very ideas in aesthetic theory that have influenced our notions of aesthetic education. The bridging of this conceptual gap, by specifying the role of aesthetics in aiding the functions that schools serve, is essential to understanding what it is schools do. In the following section, five examples will be given to illustrate the diverse nature and value of the arts and aesthetic education when combined with critical democratic pedagogy.
In discussing the value of works of art, Dewey’s argument that ‘experience is essential to growth’23 is poignant. With respect to the value of works of art, “what is desired is not the object as such but the pleasure or satisfaction of possessing, using, or experiencing it … works of art are instrumental to or a cause of a type of experience which may be called aesthetic enjoyment, satisfaction, pleasure, or some other denotation approximately synonymous”24. I would take the Smiths’ point even further to argue that an aesthetic experience through the arts may also produce feelings of anger, frustration, confusion, empathy and compassion. The arts provide opportunities for youth to inquire, to express, and to challenge dominant discourses or ideologies. Through their performative nature, they provide both youth and those around them the opportunity to see, hear and feel their artwork.25 In order to deepen their learning, I would argue that critical democratic pedagogy during both the developmental and post-performance (or ‘exhibition’) phases would aid self-reflection and promote further action and growth.
Secondly, as Ernest Boyer has argued the current educational system pays little attention to the benefits of visual literacy as an important learning and teaching tool.26 The current conception of literacy, in most schools, has been narrowly defined and focuses primarily on reading and writing, with the majority of teaching and assessment occurring through reading and writing. I would argue that the current conception of literacy promotes a deficit mentality and further marginalizes many youth. It also contributes to the sorting and streaming of individuals, at a very early level, particularly those individuals who are already marginalized due to intellectual, language, ethnicity or cultural issues.27 The inclusion of ‘visual literacy’ broadens the whole area of literacy and offers additional modes of learning and expression. The conception of ‘multiple intelligences’ proposed by Gardner28 initiated the growth in new educational approaches that facilitated the inclusion of students whose talents and capabilities had not been identified through standardized assessments.
Thirdly, arts education can serve as an important tool to help increase cultural awareness. In the Early School Leavers Report29, Bruce Ferguson noted racism and discrimination as one of the risk factors that affect youth. Much prejudice in our society centers on culture. In a multicultural country like Canada, the schools have an important role to play in helping people to understand different cultures and the people from these cultures. Innovative curriculum and programming, using arts as a base, can help to change attitudes and increase -cultural understanding and tolerance. In a study conducted by Carol Butler30, she found that use of a program, which she had created, entitled Cultural Awareness through the Arts, was highly successful in helping students develop positive attitudes toward Native People. The data suggested that the arts were the instrumental factor in making the personal link between the students and the First Nations People. The most important finding was the fact that the classes who demonstrated the most significant change in attitude were those classes that involved not just the viewing of the arts but also doing the arts. This combination of viewing and doing the arts of the First Nations culture was a powerful agent of change.
In addition to increasing cultural tolerance, the arts can provide a medium in which adolescents can ‘share their stories’ and probe diverse societal issues. At the Canadian Education Association’s conference “Getting it Right for Adolescent Learners: Design for Learning” in May, 2007, Kathleen Gould Lundy spoke about her work with elementary and secondary teachers which focuses on helping them understand and advocate for the crucial role that the arts and the imagination play in every student’s education. Lundy describes the powerful teaching tool provided by the dramatic arts, particularly for youth at risk. Not only can drama be used to teach, but it can also be used to warn, lead and heal.31 Lundy spoke of the important voices of youth who joined together to produce a documentary which touched on topics such as homophobia, equity, race and different learning styles. In addition to presenting tough curricular topics to their peers, seeing the passion and hearing the voices of adolescent learners can often teach teachers, parents, and administrators about some of the real life challenges that youth often experience in their lives. In order to deepen the learning resulting from the performativity aspect of the arts, an opportunity for dialogue between the student artists and the audience must be provided, either during an exhibition or following a performance. Kincheloe32 argues that it is these interactions, dialogue and discussions and the subsequent process of self-reflection, particularly when contradictions have arisen, that help to open the spaces in which meaning-making and transformation are possible.
Finally, given the power and impact that music has in the lives of adolescents, critical democratic pedagogy can be used to challenge students to intellectually engage with the world so that they become less dependent on external authorities and others who might not always have their or society’s best interests at heart. Many adolescents may not be aware that music is the propaganda tool of choice of politicians, corporate executives and others who would subvert democratic ideals while rendering us passive citizens and consumers. Numerous examples can be found to illustrate the way in which politicians, military personnel, and corporate executives use music and the arts to dress up and sometimes disguise their messages, such as the Right Wing Australian government recently did when it co-opted rock musician and social activist Joe Cocker’s music to help sell increased tax cuts that would be detrimental to social programs.33 Critical democratic pedagogy can be used to help youth explore and inquire about relevant social, cultural, historical, political, and ethical factors involved in music’s composition, performance, and reception.
As a preeminent philosopher and advocate for the arts and aesthetics, Maxine Greene’s work has had an enormous impact on generations of teachers, researchers, academics, and school reform activists with her reminders of the reach and power of the imagination.34 Greene35 joins Dewey36, and Freire37 in arguing for the importance of linking individual lived experience to critical analysis, reflection and growth. Critical democratic pedagogies provide a medium which promotes: critical analysis and probing of diverse societal issues (such as respect for differences, equity, social justice). Greene’s work38 on social imagination, the place of activism, the role of the arts and the meaning of freedom in the modern world, particularly social imagination, lays a strong foundation from which to argue the important role that critical democratic pedagogy through the arts can play.
Support and challenges at the local, provincial, -national and international levels
Despite limitations and barriers imposed by a neoliberal educational agenda, policy approaches and initiatives are beginning to appear locally, nationally and internationally which support and encourage critical democratic pedagogy through the arts. In 2006, UNESCO organized the First World Conference on Arts Education in Lisbon and is planning to host another in 2010. One of the significant impacts of this conference was the impetus for the creation of the World Alliance for Arts Education. Through this Alliance, the International Drama/Theatre and Education Association (IDEA), International Society for Education through Art (INSEA), and International Society for Music Education (ISME) united to define an integrated strategy that responds to what they saw as “a critical moment in human history: social fragmentation, a dominant global culture of competition, endemic urban and ecological violence, and the marginalization of key educational and cultural languages of transformation”39. The WAAE hope to collaborate with governments, networks, educational institutions, communities and individuals who share their vision to accelerate the implementation of arts education policies internationally. This international leadership, particularly in its challenge to UNESCO to join with them to make arts education central to a world agenda for sustainable human development and social transformation, is a significant positive step forward.
At the national level, the impetus for the development of a set of Policy Guidelines for Arts Education in Canadian Schools began in 1997 at the First National Symposium for Arts Education in Cape Breton. Over the next seven years, through a combination of annual symposia and the work of teachers, educational administrators, artists and arts organizations from across Canada, the final Guidelines were developed and presented to the Canadian Conference for the Arts in 2003. Although little work has been done in terms of moving these guidelines forward since 2003, there appears to have been a resurgence in both interest and organization in Canada since 2006, with the revival of national Arts and Learning Symposia and the creation of the Canadian Network for Arts and Learning (CNAL). Additionally, the CNAL has been working together with the Canadian Commission for UNESCO, Canada Council and the Canadian Conference for the Arts to bring together a wide range of stakeholders in a collaboration aimed at “raising awareness of the advantages of arts and learning, informing cultural and educational policy, improving the quality of arts education programs and fostering research and exemplary practices”40.
What hurdles/challenges lie in the way?
The work at the national and international level towards recognizing and valuing the important contributions that the arts can have to a world agenda for sustainable human development and social transformation is encouraging. However, in most secondary schools across Canada, the arts still exist as ‘stand-alone courses’ with limited perceived importance to secondary school graduates. I argue that a paradigm shift is necessary which sees the arts integrated across the curriculum, valued for their ability to increase opportunities for creativity, innovation and visual literacy, and important as an avenue through which critical democratic pedagogy can create aesthetic experiences to connect the heads, hearts and hands of communities of people at all levels from classrooms to schools to communities to nations and globally. Additionally, issues -related to: availability and access; funding issues and Ministry priorities; partnerships; accountability; standardization; and leadership all continue to have an impact on the achievement of this paradigmatic shift.
Public education should continually strive for equity in provision and access to all of its programs. In reality, -equity in both provision and access are frequently tied to funding issues. For schools in low socio-economic areas, school budgets are often stretched in order to provide the ‘basic supplies’ and arts supplies are often seen as a ‘frill’. The focus on reading and writing for both expression and assessment limits the potential for creativity and innovation for all students, and particularly for students who are gifted in the arts. At the secondary school level, it is unfortunate that many of these gifted and talented youth must leave their home schools, if they wish to attend ‘focus programs’ in the arts, and thus lose the ability and opportunity to share their gifts with their own community.
In addition to equity issues, funding cuts are creating challenges for the implementation of many policy guidelines at the provincial, district and school levels. The combination of the pressure to increase programming to meet individual needs, with recent funding cuts at the Board and school level, necessitates a re-examination of priorities, as budget deliberations occur. As in most public sector organizations, the priorities are generally associated with what is being assessed or evaluated. With the current focus on EQAO testing in literacy and numeracy, and limited attention on the arts at the provincial level, programs and program initiatives in literacy and numeracy are receiving funding while many school districts and schools are cutting arts funding.41 In addition to funding issues, there are a number of other factors which have arisen related to: downsizing in administration with resulting cuts to positions of arts consultants and specialist arts teachers in schools.42
In order to support arts programming both for funding issues and for discipline expertise, a number of schools have created partnerships with organizations in their community and with artists in the community. There are a couple of cautions to be noted from a critical pedagogy perspective including the concern that most community artists have little training in pedagogy, and significantly less in critical pedagogy. Critical democratic pedagogy is based on a framework of principles through which possible actions can be discussed and analyzed.43 ‘Artists in the community’ can contribute in valuable ways by sharing their passion, knowledge and skills with the students, however, due to the nature of critical democratic pedagogy, it is the teacher in the classroom who must be responsible for ensuring that any ‘partnerships’ and programming remain grounded in concerns for community building and social justice.44
School boards and schools need to be accountable to the community for providing quality education to all students. Based on critical democratic theory, a number of questions arise: If they are accountable to the community, does the community have any voice in critically questioning or challenging the existing curriculum based on issues that they would like to see addressed or specific needs within their community?45 Why are they not accountable to the students themselves? If students are to be engaged in their learning, they should be given voice in the development of courses or curriculum that pertains to issues that they would like to question, critically investigate, and take action on.46
The dangerous combination of accountability combined with efficiency in education has led to the move towards standardization.47 Standardization is antithetical to critical democratic principles as it limits the opportunity for students and teachers to critically and creatively engage in their own learning. Although much of the focus of the impact of standardization has been on the effects on students, it is equally important to examine its effects on teachers, teacher education and professional development. Due to the immense amount of pedagogical and discipline-specific material that must be covered with pre-service teachers, they received limited, if any, grounding in critical democratic pedagogy. For experienced teachers, the efficiency movement has resulted in the creation of ‘mandatory’ standardized professional development which again is antithetical to the principles of a critical democracy.
At the provincial or state level, pressures on governments to be accountable and transparent in their use of public monies has been the impetus for most of the assessment policies developed over the past three decades. Additionally, the human capital and results-based philosophy, combined with the efficiency movement has been behind the arguments for standardized curriculum and assessment based on externally-set criteria.48 In Ontario, schools are focused on provincially-developed and dictated tests in literacy and numeracy. The law requires tests for all students in grades 9–10 in literacy and numeracy, and success in the literacy test is mandatory for graduation from secondary school. In other countries, single large scale assessments are being used to illustrate adequate yearly progress (AYP), the primary measurement under No Child Left Behind. These standardized, off-the-shelf-tests provide very little, if any, information to inform learning and teaching. Due to the standardized format, the timing of the tests, and the distribution of results, they offer little in way of diagnosis but have significant weight in labeling the performance of schools and school districts. No single test can tell all there is to know. As the directors of the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing emphasize, “Multiple measures are needed to address the full depth and breadth of our expectations for student learning”49. It is encouraging to see this shift in mindset about assessment.
An alternative approach, which would support the use of critical democratic pedagogy, and has recently been piloted in a number of school districts and schools in the U.S. uses growth models. These models, which support Dewey’s conception of ‘education as growth’, enable schools to show individual student achievement gains over time as a valid measurement of learning.50 Dewey51 adds his caution though, when defining ‘growth’, or as he would argue ‘growing’, arguing that this development is not only physically, but intellectually and morally.
The final challenge that will be presented in this paper is also one of the greatest. The success of any -reform initiative or social movement is often the result of a number of separate but interrelated movements.52 However, I would further argue that if the goal of this educational reform is a paradigmatic shift which recognizes the importance of critical democratic pedagogy and a new conception of education in and through the arts, then it will require critical democratic leadership. Given the complex governance structure of education in Canada, combined with the diverse and complex web of policy actors who have an interest in or would be affected by this type of educational policy reform, I would argue for the use of a radical policy approach.
What is radical educational policy? Why is this method needed?
Traditional, rational or managerial policy development approaches are generally linear, staged and state controlled or state centered. A radical policy approach, in contrast, recognizes both the complexity and the value of having a broad and diverse group of stakeholders or policy actors acting at many different levels. The use of the metaphor of a policy web53 helps to understand how the policy process is shaped by circulating discourses. Using this metaphor, policy is designed as an ensemble of multiple discourses that interact in a complex web of relationships that enable or constrains social relations. It is a fluid arrangement of discourses existing at a given moment in time, emerging out of the struggle between multiple discourses from multiple voices in a given context. The discourses circulate in different policy actors such as government, education officials, NGOs, CNAL, teachers, artists, parents, students and arts advocates who participate in disseminating and creating discourses. As such, while this definition recognizes the important role of the state, it highlights that the state is not the only player as multiple actors can participate in the policy process.
I would argue that a radical policy approach, which builds on the work done by the NSAE, utilizes critical democratic principles and includes the active participation of a much broader and diverse set of policy actors, has the potential to create an exciting future in educational reform and gives hope for a re-focusing of the goals of education from an economic focus to a focus on democracy and social justice. As Anyon54 and Freire55 have argued, the success of many social reforms in the past have stressed the importance of the involvement from the grass-roots level (community participation). The teachers who will be delivering this curriculum, are incredibly important policy actors, as are the youth their parents and other stakeholders. Their voices need to be heard through the dialogues, debates, policy development process and to continue to ask the critical questions of: Why?; For what purpose/goal?; and In whose interest?56
Summary
Realizing the vision of using critical democratic pedagogy through the arts, across the curriculum in secondary schools in Canada would be no quick and simple feat. It would necessitate a paradigm shift with respect to the role of arts education in secondary schools. However, the greatest challenge lies in the need for a much larger paradigm shift with regards to the role of public education itself, from an economic, market-based model to one of democracy and social justice. I would argue that the ‘sense of urgency’ is being felt, not just in -Canada, but around the world, as growing inequity -resulting from the failures of our current educational systems become increasingly apparent. As many critical theorist have argued, it will take a concerted social movement to create a disruption in the current Western, hegemonic model of education.57 It must be remembered, however, that throughout history, many of these social movements were successful because of community organization and the centrality of youth.58 If democracy is more than rhetoric at the educational policy table, it is time to bring the voices, passion and creativity of our community members and youth to the table. I have argued that the use of a radical policy approach which: understands and utilizes the interrelationships and interdependencies in the policy web; incorporates critical democratic principles; and values and promotes the active involvement of a broad and diverse group of policy actors, can further develop the work that has already been accomplished through the NSAE. However, as I have further developed the argument, the need for a pedagogical shift towards a critical democratic approach, in classrooms and in schools, is essential if we wish to use the arts to pursue democratic goals and education for a democratic society.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien zuerst unter: Drinkwater, Mary A. (2009). „Radical Educational Policy: Critical democratic pedagogy and the reinfusion of the arts in secondary schools“, Art and Education, 7.10.2009, http://artandeducation.net/papers/view/16. [10/14/2014]
1.) John P. Kotter, Leading Change. Boston 1996.
2.) Dave Hill, Ravi Kumar (Eds.), Global neoliberalism and education and its consequences. New York 2009.
3.) Ibid.
4.) George J. Sefa Dei et al., Reconstructing ‘Drop-Out’: A Critical Ethnography of the Dynamics of Black Students’ Disengagement from School. Toronto, 1997; Henry A. Giroux, “The War on the Young: Corporate Culture, Schooling, and the Politics of ‘Zero Tolerance’”, in: Ronald Strickland (Ed.), Growing up postmodern: Neoliberalism and the war on the young, Lanham 2002 pp. 35–46; Dave Hill, Equality in the Primary School: Promoting Good Practice Across the Curriculum. London 2009.
5.) Dei 1997; George J. Sefa Dei, Drop out or push out?: the dynamics of black students’ disengagement from school: a report. Toronto 1995; Bruce Ferguson et al., “Early School Leavers: Understanding the Lived Reality of Student Disengagement from Secondary School”, Final Report submitted to the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training, Toronto 2005.
6.) Michael W. Apple, “Freire, Neoliberalism and Education”, Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, 20 (1), 1999, pp. 5–20; Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Silenced voices and extraordinary conversations: Re-imagining schools. New York 2003; Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of Freedom: Ethics, Democracy and Civic Courage. Lanham 1998.
7.) John Dewey, Experience & Education. New York 1938.
8.) Freire 1998, p. 55.
9.) Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the oppressed, Paz e Terra, Rio de Janeiro 1975, p. 22.
10.) Freire 1998.
11.) John Kincheloe, “Critical Democracy for Education”, in: James G. Henderson, Kathleen R. Kesson (Eds.), Understanding Democratic Curriculum Leadership, New York 1999, pp. 70–84.
12.) Carole Hahn, “Democratic inquiry and discourse: classroom climates in cross-national perspective”, in: Carole Hahn, Becoming Political: Comparative Perspectives on Citizenship Education (Chapter 6), Albany 1998; bell hooks, Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope. New York 2003.
13.) hooks, op cit.
14.) hooks, op cit.
15.) Apple 1999; Luis Armando Gandin, “The Construction of the Citizen School Project as an Alternative to Neoliberal Educational Policies”, Policy Futures for Education, 5 (2), 2007, pp. 179–193.
16.) John P. Portelli, Brenda McMahon, “Engagement for What? Beyond Popular Discourses of Student Engagement”, Leadership and Policy in Schools (3) 1, 2004, pp. 59–76.
17.) hooks 2003.
18.) Fine/Weis 2003; Kathleen Gallagher, The Theatre of Urban: Youth and Schooling in Dangerous Times. Toronto 2007.
19.) Elliot W. Eisner, The Arts and the Creation of Mind. New Haven, 2002.
20.) Harry S. Broudy, Enlightened Cherishing: An Essay on Aesthetic Education. Urbana 1972.
21.) Landon Beyer, “Aesthetic Theory and the Ideology of Educational Institutions”, Curriculum Inquiry (9) 1, 1979, pp. 13–26; Landon Beyer, The Arts, Popular Culture, and Social Change. New York 2000.
22.) Jürgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests. Boston 1971.
23.) Dewey 1938.
24.) C. Smith, R. Smith, “Justifying Aesthetic Education”, in: Ralph Smith (Ed.), Aesthetics and Problems of Education, Urbana 1971, p. 127.
25.) Norman Denzin, “The Politics and Ethic of Performance Pedagogy: Toward a Pedagogy of Hope”, in: Peter McLaren, John Kincheloe et al. (Eds.), Critical Pedagogy: Where are we now?, New York 2007, pp. 127–142.
26.) Ernest Boyer, High school. New York 1983.
27.) Dei et al., 1997.
28.) Howard Gardner, Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York 1983.
29.) Ferguson et al. 2005.
30.) Carol Butler, Cultural awareness through the arts: The success of an ab-original anti-bias program for intermediate students (M. Ed. Diss.). Kingston 2000.
31.) Kathleen Lundy, Imagine a school….what young people want: Using their stories. Presentation at Canadian Education Association conference “Getting it Right for Adolescent Learners: Design for Learning”, Montreal. May 14–16, 2007. www.cea-ace.ca/dia.cfm?subsection=the&page=del&subpage=lundy [4/2/2009]
32.) Kincheloe 1999.
33.) Paul Woodford, Democracy and music education: Liberalism, ethics, and the politics of practice. Bloomington 2005, p. 27.
34.) William Ayers, Janet Miller (Eds.), A Light in Dark Times: Maxine Greene and the Unfinished Conversation. New York 1998.
35.) Maxine Greene, Releasing the imagination: Essays on education, the arts, and social change. San Francisco 1995.
36.) Dewey 1938.
37.) Freire 1998.
38.) Greene 1995.
39.) World Alliance for Arts Education (WAAE), World Alliance of IDEA ISME and InSEA: Joint Declaration, 2006. www.idea-org.net/en/articles/World_Alliance_of_IDEA_ISME_and_InSEA/ [4/8/2009].
40.) Canadian Network for Arts and Learning (CNAL), Framework for Action, 2009. http://de.slideshare.net/WAAE/larry-of-cnal-framework-e-feb09-low-res1 [4/10/2009]
41.) People for Education, The Arts in Ontario’s Public Schools. Toronto: People for Education, 2004, www.peopleforeducation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Annual-Report-on-Ontario-Schools-2007.pdf [4/20/2009]
42.) People for Education 2004.
43.) Kincheloe 1999.
44.) Stanley Aronowitz, Henry A. Giroux, Education Still Under Siege. Toronto 1993; Jean Anyon, Radical Possibilities: Public Policy, Urban Education, and a New Social Movement. New York 2005; Kincheloe 1999.
45.) Ann Vibert et al., “Critical Practice in Elementary Schools: Voice, Community and a Curriculum of Life”, Journal of Educational Change, 3, 2002, pp. 93–116.
46.) Dewey 1938; Freire 1998; Karina Otoya-Knapp, “When Central City High School students speak: Doing critical inquiry for democracy”, Urban Education, 39 (2), 2004, pp. 149–171.
47.) Apple 1999; Menashy, “The end of efficiency: The implication for democratic education”, Journal of educational thought, 41 (2), 2007, pp. 165–177.
48.) Henry Giroux, Schooling for Democracy: Critical Pedagogy in the Modern Age. London 1989; Menashy 2007.
49.) Joan Herman, Eva Baker, Robert Linn, “Accountability systems in support of student learning: Moving to the next generation”, Cresst Line, 2004, p. 2.
50.) Dan Fuller, Kevin Fitzgerald, Ji Sun Lee, “The Case for Multiple Measures”, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 52, 2008. www.ascd.org/publications/newsletters/policy-priorities/winter08/num52/full/The-Case-for-Multiple-Measures.aspx [10/3/2014]
51.) Dewey 1938.
52.) Anyon 2005.
53.) Michelle Goldberg, “Discoursive policy webs in a globalization era: as discussion of access to professions and trades for immigrant professionals in Ontario, Canada”, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4 (1), 2006, pp. 77–102; Reva Joshee, “Neoliberalism versus social justice: A view from Canada”, Advances in Education in Diverse Communities: Research, Policy and Praxis, 6, 2008, pp. 31–53.
54.) Anyon 2005.
55.) Freire 1998.
56.) Anyon 2005; Apple 1999; Fine/Weis 2003.
57.) Anyon 2005; Apple 1999; Giroux 2002; Greene 1995; hooks 2003; Kincheloe 1999.
58.) Anyon 2005.
Schlusserklärung von Mascha
Dieser Prozess ist äußerst typisch und spricht Bände. Die derzeitige Regierung wird noch sehr lange Gelegenheit haben, sich für ihn zu schämen. In jedem Stadium verkörperte er ein Zerrbild der Justiz. Wie sich herausstellte, wuchs sich unsere Performance, anfangs eine kleine und ein wenig absurde Shownummer, lawinenartig zu einer Riesenkatastrophe aus. In einer gesunden Gesellschaft würde so etwas ganz offensichtlich nicht passieren. Russland als Staat glich lange einem Organismus, der bis ins Mark krank ist. Und diese Erkrankung bricht aus, wenn man mit seinen entzündeten Abszessen in Berührung kommt. Am Anfang und für lange Zeit wird in der Öffentlichkeit über diese Krankheit geschwiegen, aber irgendwann wird sie durch Dialog doch immer überwunden. Und sehen Sie – dies ist die Art von Dialog, zu der unsere Regierung fähig ist. Dieser Prozess ist nicht nur ein bösartiges und groteskes Maskenspiel, sondern er offenbart das wahre Gesicht des Dialogs der Regierung mit dem Volk dieses Landes. Um auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene die Diskussion über ein Problem anzustoßen, braucht es oft die richtigen Voraussetzungen – einen Anstoß.
Es ist interessant, dass unsere Situation von Anfang an depersonalisiert wurde. Denn wenn wir über Putin sprechen, haben wir zunächst einmal nicht Wladimir Wladimirowitsch Putin im Sinn, sondern das System Putin, das er geschaffen hat – die vertikale Macht, in der die gesamte Kontrolle faktisch von einer einzigen Person ausgeübt wird. Und diese vertikale Macht interessiert sich nicht, und zwar kein bisschen, für die Meinung der Masse. Was mich dabei am meisten stört, ist, dass die Meinung der jüngeren Generationen außer Acht gelassen wird. Wir sind überzeugt, dass die Unfähigkeit dieser Regierung in praktisch jedem Bereich offenkundig ist.
Und genau hier, in dieser Schlusserklärung, möchte ich gerne meine eigenen Erfahrungen schildern, wie ich mit diesem System in Konflikt geraten bin. Unsere Schulausbildung, in der sich die Persönlichkeit in einem sozialen Kontext zu entwickeln beginnt, ignoriert quasi alle individuellen Eigenarten. Es gibt keinen individuellen Ansatz, man erwirbt keine Kenntnisse zu Kultur und Philosophie oder ein Grundwissen über die Zivilgesellschaft. Offiziell gibt es diese Themen zwar, sie werden aber immer noch nach dem Sowjetmodell unterrichtet. Im Ergebnis sehen wir eine Ausgrenzung der Gegenwartskunst, fehlende Anregung zu philosophischem Denken und eine klischeehafte Zuordnung der Geschlechterrollen. Die Vorstellung vom Menschen als Bürger wird in die hinterste Ecke gefegt.
Die heutigen Erziehungsinstitutionen bringen Menschen von klein auf bei, als Roboter zu leben und nicht die entscheidenden Fragen zu stellen, die ihrem Alter entsprächen. Sie impfen einem Grausamkeit und Intoleranz gegenüber jeder Abweichung ein. Schon in der Kindheit vergessen wir unsere Freiheit.
Ich habe persönliche Erfahrungen mit psychiatrischen Kliniken für Minderjährige gemacht. Und ich kann wirklich sagen, dass jeder Teenager, der auch nur irgendein Anzeichen aktiver Nonkonformität zeigt, dort landen kann. Ein gewisser Prozentsatz der Kinder darin stammt aus Waisenhäusern. In unserem Land wird es nämlich als völlig normal angesehen, ein Kind, das versucht hat, aus einem Waisenhaus auszureißen, in eine psychiatrische Klinik einzuweisen. Dort werden sie mit extrem starken sedierenden Medikamenten wie Chlorpromazin behandelt, das in den 1970ern auch bei Sowjet-Dissidenten eingesetzt wurde.
Angesichts der allgemeinen Tendenz zur Bestrafung in dieser Umgebung und dem Fehlen wirklicher psychologischer Hilfe ist diese Erfahrung besonders traumatisierend. Sämtliche Interaktionen basieren auf der Instrumentalisierung kindlicher Ängste und dem Zwang zu Unterordnung und Gehorsam. In der Folge potenziert sich diese Grausamkeit noch um ein Vielfaches. Viele dieser Kinder sind Analphabeten, aber niemand unternimmt etwas dagegen – im Gegenteil, jedes letzte Restchen Motivation zur persönlichen Entfaltung wird entmutigt. Der Einzelne schließt sich völlig ab und verliert seinen Glauben an die Welt.
Ich möchte anmerken, dass diese Art und Weise der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung die Herausbildung individueller und religiöser Freiheiten bedauerlicherweise eindeutig massenweise behindert. Die Folgeerscheinungen des Prozesses, den ich gerade beschrieben habe, sind ontologische Demut, existenzielle Demut und Verstaatlichung. Ich halte diese Transformation oder diesen Bruch insofern für bemerkenswert, als wir, vom Standpunkt der christlichen Kultur aus betrachtet, sehen können, dass Bedeutungen und Symbole von solchen verdrängt werden, die ihnen diametral entgegengesetzt sind. Dementsprechend wird einer der wichtigsten christlichen Begriffe, die Demut, inzwischen im Allgemeinen nicht mehr als ein Weg zu Erkenntnis, Festigung und endgültiger Freiheit verstanden, sondern im Gegenteil als ein Instrument der Versklavung. Den [russischen Philosophen] Nikolai Berdjajew zitierend, könnte man sagen: »Die Ontologie der Demut ist die Ontologie der Sklaven Gottes und nicht die seiner Söhne.«
Während ich am Aufbau der Ökologiebewegung mitarbeitete, gelangte ich zu der festen Überzeugung, dass innere Freiheit die wichtigste Grundlage für Handeln darstellt und Handeln als solches von ganz unmittelbarer Bedeutung ist.
Bis zum heutigen Tag finde ich es erstaunlich, dass wir in unserem Land die Unterstützung von mehreren tausend Menschen brauchen, um der Willkür einer Handvoll Bürokraten ein Ende zu setzen. Ich möchte hervorheben, dass unser Prozess die sehr beredte Bestätigung der Tatsache ist, dass wir die Unterstützung Tausender Menschen aus aller Welt brauchen, um das Offensichtliche zu beweisen: Wir drei sind unschuldig. Das sagt die ganze Welt. Sie sagt es bei Konzerten, im Internet, in den Medien, sogar im Parlament. Der englische Premierminister empfängt unseren Präsidenten nicht mit Worten zu den Olympischen Spielen, sondern mit der Frage: »Warum sitzen drei unschuldige Frauen im Gefängnis? « Es ist beschämend.
Noch erstaunlicher finde ich allerdings, dass Leute nicht daran glauben, Einfluss auf die Regierung nehmen zu können. Im Laufe der Streiks und Demonstrationen [im Winter und Frühjahr], als ich Unterschriften sammelte und Petitionen vorbereitete, haben mich viele Leute – mit ehrlicher Verwunderung – gefragt, warum sie sich um alles in der Welt für dieses kleine Fleckchen Wald in der Region Krasnodar interessieren sollten oder was sie das denn anginge – selbst wenn es möglicherweise einzigartig in Russland ist, vielleicht sogar urzeitlich? Was sollte es sie kümmern, dass die Frau von Ministerpräsident Dmitri Medwedew dort einen offiziellen Amtssitz bauen lassen will und damit das einzige Reservat für Kriechwacholder zerstört? Diese Leute … sie sind nur eine weitere Bestätigung dafür, dass die Menschen in unserem Land das Bewusstsein verloren haben, dass dieses Land uns gehört, den Bürgern. Sie empfinden sich nicht mehr als Bürger, sie empfinden sich nur noch als die automatisierte Masse. Sie haben nicht das Gefühl, dass der Wald ihnen gehört, selbst wenn er direkt neben ihren Häusern liegt. Ich bezweifle sogar, dass sie für ihre Häuser so etwas wie Besitzerschaft empfinden. Wenn irgendwer mit einer Planierraupe vor ihrer Veranda vorführe und ihnen erzählte, sie müssten evakuiert werden – »Bitte entschuldigen Sie, aber wir müssen Ihr Haus plattmachen, um Platz für eine Bürokratenresidenz zu schaffen« –, würden diese Leute gehorsam ihre Habseligkeiten zusammenraffen, ihre Koffer holen und auf die Straße hinausgehen. Und dort würden sie exakt so lange stehen bleiben, bis die Regierung ihnen sagt, was sie als Nächstes tun sollen. Sie sind völlig gestaltlos, es ist unendlich traurig. Nach einem knappen halben Jahr in Haft bin ich zu der Erkenntnis gelangt, dass das Gefängnis nichts anderes als Russland im Kleinen ist.
Man könnte auch mit dem Regierungssystem beginnen. Es weist die gleiche vertikale Machtstruktur auf, in der jede Entscheidung einzig und allein durch direkten Eingriff des gerade Verantwortlichen getroffen wird. Es gibt darin keinerlei horizontale Delegierung von Aufgaben, was jedem das Leben spürbar erleichtern würde. Und es mangelt an persönlicher Initiative. Denunziation gedeiht neben gegenseitigem Misstrauen. Im Gefängnis, wie in unserem Land als Ganzem, ist alles darauf angelegt, den Menschen ihre Individualiät zu nehmen und sie mit einer bloßen Funktion gleichzusetzen, sei es die Funktion eines Arbeiters oder die eines Häftlings. Der straffe Rahmen des Tagesplans im Gefängnis (an den man sich schnell gewöhnt) gleicht dem Gerüst des Alltags, in das alle hineingeboren werden.
In diesem Alltagsgerüst fangen Menschen an, großen Wert auf bedeutungslose Kleinigkeiten zu legen. Im Gefängnis sind solche Kleinigkeiten Dinge wie eine Tischdecke oder Plastikgeschirr, die man sich nur mit persönlicher Erlaubnis des Gefängnisdirektors beschaffen kann. Außerhalb des Gefängnisses verfügt man entsprechend über einen sozialen Status, auf den ebenfalls größter Wert gelegt wird. Das hat mich immer gewundert. Ein weiteres Element dieses Gerüsts besteht darin, sich bewusst zu werden, inwiefern diese Regierung wie eine Theaterinszenierung funktioniert, als Bühnenstück. Derweil verwandelt sie sich in der Realität in Chaos. Die Oberflächenstruktur des Regimes bröckelt und offenbart die Desorganisation und Ineffizienz des Großteils seiner Arbeit. Es liegt auf der Hand, dass das nicht zu irgendeiner Form tatsächlichen Regierens führt. Im Gegenteil, die Menschen empfinden ein immer stärker werdendes Gefühl des Verlorenseins – einschließlich des Verlorenseins in Raum und Zeit. Im Gefängnis und überall im Land wissen die Menschen nicht, wohin sie sich mit dieser oder jener Frage wenden können. Deshalb wenden sie sich an den Boss des Gefängnisses. Und außerhalb des Gefängnisses gehen die Menschen dementsprechend zu Putin, dem Oberboss.
In einem Text ein Gesamtbild des Systems zum Ausdruck zu bringen … nun, generell könnte ich sagen, dass wir nicht gegen … wir sind gegen das Putin-erzeugte Chaos, das nur oberflächlich betrachtet eine Regierung genannt werden kann. Ein Gesamtbild des Systems, in dem unserer Auffassung nach praktisch sämtliche Institutionen einer Art Mutation unterzogen werden, während sie dem Namen nach noch intakt erscheinen. Und in welchem die Zivilgesellschaft, an der uns so viel liegt, zerstört wird. Wir verwenden in unseren Texten keine direkten Bibelzitate; wir benutzen lediglich ihre Form als künstlerisches Stilmittel. Das Einzige, was gleich ist, ist unsere Motivation. Unsere Motivation entspricht tatsächlich der Motivation eines direkten Bibelzitates. Am besten bringen die Evangelien diese Motivation zum Ausdruck: »Denn wer da bittet, der empfängt; und wer da sucht, der findet; und wer da anklopft, dem wird aufgetan.« [Matthäus 7, 8] Ich – wir alle – glauben aufrichtig, dass uns die Tür geöffnet wird. Aber leider Gottes ist im Moment das Einzige, was passiert ist, dass wir ins Gefängnis gesperrt wurden. Es ist sehr seltsam, dass die Behörden in ihrer Reaktion auf unsere Aktionen die historische Praxis der abweichenden Meinung vollständig ignoriert haben. »Wie bedauernswert ist ein Land, in dem einfache Ehrlichkeit im besten Fall als Heldenmut verstanden wird und im schlimmsten als Geisteskrankheit«, schrieb in den 1970er Jahren der Dissident [Wladimir] Bukowsky. Und obwohl es noch gar nicht so lange her ist, verhalten sich die Menschen heute so, als hätte es den Großen Terror nie gegeben und auch keine Versuche, ihm Widerstand zu leisten. Ich vermute, dass wir von Menschen ohne Gedächtnis angeklagt werden. Viele von ihnen haben gesagt: »Er ist von einem Dämon besessen und redet im Wahn. Warum hört ihr ihm zu?« Das waren die Worte der Juden, die Jesus der Gotteslästerung anklagten. »Wir steinigen dich … wegen Gotteslästerung.« [Johannes 10, 33] Interessanterweise benutzt die Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche genau diesen Vers, um ihre Auffassung von Gotteslästerung zum Ausdruck zu bringen.
Diese Auffassung ist schriftlich bestätigt, das Dokument liegt unserer Strafakte bei. Mit dieser Auffassung bezieht sich die Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche auf die Evangelien als eine feststehende theologische Wahrheit. Sie werden nicht mehr als Offenbarung verstanden, was sie von Anfang an gewesen sind, sondern als ein monolithischer Klotz, der sich in einzelne Zitate zerlegen lässt, um diese wo immer nötig hinzuschieben – in jedes Schriftstück, für jeden erdenklichen Zweck. Die Russisch- Orthodoxe Kirche hat sich nicht einmal die Mühe gemacht, den Zusammenhang nachzulesen, in dem »Gotteslästerung« hier erwähnt wird – dass der Begriff in diesem Fall auf Jesus selbst angewendet wird. Ich glaube, religiöse Wahrheit sollte nichts Statisches sein, und dass es unbedingt notwendig ist, die Umstände und Wege geistiger Entwicklung zu begreifen, die Schwierigkeiten des Menschen, seine Doppelzüngigkeit, seine Zersplittertheit. Dass es für das eigene Selbst lebenswichtig ist, diese Dinge wahrzunehmen und zu erleben, um sich zu entwickeln. Dass man diese Dinge wahrnehmen und erfahren muss, um eine Persönlichkeit herauszubilden. Dass religiöse Wahrheit ein Prozess und kein fertiges Produkt ist, das sich jederzeit und wohin man will verschieben lässt.
All diese Dinge, über die ich gesprochen habe, all diese Prozesse – sie erlangen Bedeutung in der Kunst und in der Philosophie, auch in der Gegenwartskunst. Ein künstlerischer Akt kann und, wie ich meine, muss einen eigenen inneren Konflikt beinhalten. Und was mich wirklich ärgert, ist, wie die Anklage das Wort »sogenannt« in Bezug auf Gegenwartskunst verwendet.
Ich möchte darauf hinweisen, dass während des Prozesses gegen den Dichter [Joseph] Brodsky sehr ähnliche Methoden zum Einsatz kamen. Seine Gedichte wurden als »sogenannte« Gedichte bezeichnet; die Zeugen der Anklage hatten sie in Wirklichkeit gar nicht gelesen – genau wie mehrere Zeugen in unserem Fall die Performance selbst gar nicht gesehen, sondern nur den Videoclip im Internet angeschaut haben. Auch unsere Entschuldigungen werden von der kollektiven Anklage anscheinend zu »sogenannten« Entschuldigungen erklärt. Das ist beleidigend. Und ich bin erschüttert von den moralischen Verletzungen und psychischen Traumata [, die wir offenbar verursacht haben]. Unsere Entschuldigungen waren aufrichtig. Es tut mir leid, dass so viel geredet wurde und Sie alle das immer noch nicht begriffen haben. Oder es ist absichtliche Hinterhältigkeit, wenn Sie behaupten, unsere Entschuldigungen seien unaufrichtig. Ich weiß nicht, was Sie noch von uns hören müssen. Aber für mich ist dieser Prozess ein »sogenannter« Prozess. Und ich habe keine Angst vor Ihnen. Auch keine Angst vor Falschheit und Unechtheit, vor schlampig getarnter Irreführung im Urteilsspruch des »sogenannten« Gerichts.
Denn alles, was Sie mir nehmen können, ist »sogenannte« Freiheit. Es ist die einzige in Russland existierende Form. Doch meine innere Freiheit kann mir niemand nehmen. Sie lebt im Wort und wird weiterleben dank der glasnost [Offenheit], wenn das hier von Tausenden Menschen gelesen und gehört wird. Diese Freiheit wird weiterleben mit allen, die nicht gleichgültig sind und uns in diesem Land hören. Mit allen, die in diesem Prozess Bruchstücke von sich selbst entdeckt haben, so wie andere sie in früheren Zeiten bei Franz Kafka und Guy Debord entdeckt haben. Ich glaube, dass ich aufrichtig und offen bin, ich dürste nach der Wahrheit; und diese Dinge werden uns alle nur noch ein wenig freier machen. Wir werden schon sehen.
Maria Aljochina
Wiederabdruck
Die beiden Texte erschienen zuerst in: Pussy Riot! Ein Punkgebet für Freiheit. Aus dem Englischen von Barbara Häusler. Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 2012, S. 105–129.
Zum Anlass unserer solidarischen Zusammenkunft, um ein Gefühl von Ungerechtigkeit gegenüber der Masse auszudrücken, dürfen wir nicht aus den Augen verlieren, was uns zusammen gebracht hat. Wir schreiben dies, damit alle Menschen, denen von Konzernen Unrecht angetan wird wissen, dass wir ihre Verbündeten sind.
Als ein vereintes Volk erkennen wir die Realität an: Dass die Zukunft der Menschheit die Zusammenarbeit ihrer Mitglieder erfordert; dass unser System unsere Rechte schützen muss und dass, falls das System korrumpiert ist, es an jedem Einzelnen liegt, seine Rechte und die seiner Nachbarn zu schützen; dass eine demokratische Regierung ihre legitime Macht vom Volk bezieht, aber Konzerne keine Einwilligung zur Ausbeutung der Völker und des Planeten einholen; und dass keine wahre Demokratie existieren kann, wenn alle Prozesse von der Wirtschaft bestimmt werden. Wir wenden uns an Euch, in einer Zeit, in der Konzerne, die ihre Profite über Menschen stellen, Eigennutz über Gerechtigkeit und Unterdrückung über Gleichheit, unsere Regierungen beherrschen. Wir haben uns hier friedvoll versammelt, wie es unser Recht ist, um diesen Fakten Gehör zu verschaffen.
Sie haben uns unsere Häuser in illegalen Zwangsversteigerungen geraubt, obwohl ihnen die ursprünglichen Hypotheken nicht gehörten.
Sie haben sich ungestraft Rettungsgelder von Steuerzahlern geholt und bezahlen trotzdem immer noch exorbitante Boni an die Vorstände.
Sie setzen die Ungleichbehandlung und Diskriminierung am Arbeitsplatz aufgrund von Alter, Hautfarbe, Geschlecht und sexueller Orientierung fort.
Sie haben durch Fahrlässigkeit den Nahrungsbestand vergiftet und untergraben das Agrarsystem durch Monopolisierung.
Sie bereicherten sich durch Folter, Einkerkerung und grausame Behandlung von Tieren und vertuschen diese Praktiken.
Sie haben kontinuierlich Angestellte ihrer Rechte beraubt, bessere Bezahlungen und sicherere Arbeitsbedingungen zu erhandeln.
Sie haben Studenten mit vielen zehntausenden Dollar Verschuldung für Bildung als Geiseln genommen, obwohl Bildung an sich ein Menschenrecht ist.
Sie haben kontinuierlich Arbeit ausgegliedert und die Ausgliederungen als Mittel genutzt, um Löhne zu drücken und die Gesundheitsversorgung zu reduzieren.
Sie haben die Gerichte beeinflusst, um die gleichen Rechte wie Bürger zu erhalten, aber ohne den gleichen Strafbarkeiten und Pflichten zu unterliegen.
Sie haben Millionen Dollar für Anwälte ausgegeben, die nach Wegen suchen, um aus Krankenversicherungsverträgen herauszukommen.
Sie haben unsere Privatsphäre zu einer Handelsware gemacht.
Sie haben Militär und Polizei dazu benutzt, die Pressefreiheit zu beschneiden.
Sie haben sich aus Profitgier beständig geweigert, fehlerhafte und lebensgefährliche Produkte vom Markt zu nehmen.
Sie bestimmen die Wirtschaftspolitik, trotz der katastrophalen Ergebnisse ihrer Wirtschaftspolitik in der Vergangenheit und deren Auswirkungen in der Zukunft.
Sie haben Politikern, die für ihre Regulierung verantwortlich sind, große Geldsummen zugestiftet.
Sie verhindern immer noch alternative Energieformen, um uns vom Öl abhängig zu halten.
Sie verhindern immer noch Generika, die Menschenleben retten oder Leiden mildern könnten, nur um Investitionen zu schützen, die bereits profitabel waren.
Sie haben aus Profitgier bewusst Öllecks, Unfälle, Bilanzfälschungen und die Unwirksamkeit bestimmter Inhaltsstoffe verschwiegen.
Durch die Kontrolle der Medien halten sie absichtlich die Menschen uninformiert und in Angst.
Sie haben Privatverträge akzeptiert, um Gefangene hinzurichten, selbst wenn ernsthafte Zweifel an ihrer Schuld erhoben wurden.
Sie haben Kolonialismus hier und im Ausland fortgesetzt.
Sie haben an der Tötung und Folter von unschuldigen Zivilisten im Ausland teilgenommen.
Sie stellen immer noch Massenvernichtungswaffen her, um Regierungsaufträge zu erhalten.*
An die Menschen dieser Welt.
Wir, die Generalversammlung von New York City, die die Wall Street am Liberty Square besetzt hält, fordern Euch auf, Eure Macht geltend zu machen.
Übt Euer Recht aus, Euch friedvoll versammeln zu dürfen, besetzt öffentliche Plätze, schafft einen Prozess, der unsere Probleme adressiert und erarbeitet Lösungen, die allen zugänglich sind.
Allen Gemeinden, die aktiv werden und Gruppen im Geiste direkter Demokratie bilden, bieten wir unsere Hilfe an, Dokumente und alle Ressourcen, die uns zur Verfügung stehen.
Schließt Euch uns an und verschafft Euren Stimmen Gehör!
*Diese Aufzählung von Missständen ist nicht vollständig.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien online unter http://occupywallst.org/ [8.9.2013].