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Und als ich dann den jungen Menschen gegenübertrat mit frischem Elan und gebildeter Bildungsbegeisterung, da waren sie nicht immer so, wie es das Studium stillschweigend vorausgesetzt hatte: lernwillig, aufmerksam und formbar. Nicht im Kreuzberg der Westberlin-Zeit. Ich war es in meiner Schulzeit ja auch nicht gewesen, ganz im Gegenteil: Ich bin häufiger wegen Renitenz aus dem Unterricht geflogen als jede andere in meiner Klasse. Aber das hatte doch an den Lehrern und dem langweiligen Stoff gelegen! Jetzt aber war ich die Lehrerin, und so konnte es ja jetzt nur an den Schülern liegen. Andere Möglichkeiten der Ursachenverortung hatten wir im Studium nicht gelernt. Alles war letztlich eine Frage persönlichen guten Willens. Einen Unterschied zwischen Normativem und Analytischem zu machen, hatten wir auch nicht gelernt. Na klar, es gab natürlich das ungünstige bildungsferne Milieu, die Schicht oder die Klasse und die Sozialisation im Elternhaus, die aus Kindern solche Schüler machten, dass sie nicht zum Unterricht nach gelerntem Modell passten. Aber was das konkret bedeutete für Lernen, Schule und Lehrerverhalten? Keine Ahnung!
Im Lauf der ersten Jahre im Beruf baute ich fleißig Routine auf, und Durchwurschteln war der Hauptbetriebsmodus. Von den alten (Ober-)Räten und Rätinnen konnte man überlegene „Tipps und Tricks“ erfahren, wie man die Schüler oder die Klasse – nicht etwa die Situation! – „in den Griff kriegt“. Strafen, Beschämen, Austricksen, Manipulation, unfairer Verrat der Schüler an strafende Eltern … alles dabei. Und dann gewöhnte ich mich an den Lehrerzimmer-Talk mit dem lauten Stöhnen der Lehrer, kaum dass sie den Raum betreten hatten, über die „schreckliche 8b und den unmöglichen Alexander, der ja sowieso überhaupt nicht hierher gehört, und kennen Sie die Mutter? Ich sage Ihnen: Allein schon die Frisur!“
Andererseits gab es Lehrer, die hatten (als Klassenlehrer) so etwas wie ein heimliches Abkommen, eine Komplizenschaft mit ihren Schülern: Schuld an schwierigen -Situationen hatte demnach immer der Fachlehrer, denn der Klassenlehrer selbst hatte ein prima Kumpelverhältnis und niemals Probleme mit seinen Schülern. Er nahm sie in allen Konflikten mit Fachlehrern in Schutz, der Fachlehrer wurde gar nicht erst gehört. Einmal setzte ein Klassenlehrer zusammen mit seinen Schülern eine Petition an den Schulleiter auf, mich aus der Klasse zu nehmen, die er als erster unterschrieb. Von dieser Petition erfuhr ich erst dadurch, dass sie während meines Unterrichts offen in der Klasse die Runde zur Unterschrift machte. Ich fiel aus allen Wolken, denn niemand, weder Schüler noch Klassenlehrer, hatte vorher -je mit mir über Probleme gesprochen. Der Lehrer, danach befragt, was das für eine Art sei: „Demokratie!“
Mit voller Stelle nach einer in erster Linie auf Fachwissenschaft und Fachdidaktik reduzierten Ausbildung ohne jede Ahnung von Lernpsychologie, dann mit eigenen Kleinstkindern, dann alleinerziehend und alleinverdienend … überfordert … gestresst … übermüdet und von der unbefriedigenden eigenen Arbeitsqualität mit Selbstvorwürfen angefüllt, brauchte ich eine Strategie zum Überleben. Da begab ich mich, ohne es zu bemerken, auf den Weg zur Zynikerin und zur Schülerverachterin, Selbstverachterin, Menschenverachterin. Ich wurde immer strenger. Ein Ausweg aus der Misere schien nur darin zu liegen, von mir selbst, von den ei-genen Kindern, von Schülern, Eltern und Kollegen „reibungsloses Funktionieren“, Disziplin und Anpassung zu fordern, und das mit immer größerem Nachdruck, weil das Fordern ja nichts half … Frau Rigorosa. Und -irgendwann fand ich mich selbst gnadenlos. Und irgendwann bekam ich berechtigte Angst, meine eigenen Kinder könnten Angst vor mir haben. Kollegiale Zusammenarbeit? Supervision? Hilfe? Mehrmals bat ich den Schulleiter, meinen Unterricht in einer schwierigen Klasse zu hospitieren. Er kam nie. Erst hieß es, er habe dafür keine Zeit, dann, das sei nicht sein Auftrag, ohne Anweisung zu beurteilen. Aber ich wollte Beratung, nicht Beurteilung. Aber dafür gab es offenbar keine -Unterscheidung. Eine Situation gemeinsam in den Blick zu nehmen und anders als voluntaristisch zu bearbeiten? Systemische Analyse und Erklärung? Einfach gesagt, war das nicht üblich, und was nicht übliche Praxis ist, ist zunächst auch nicht bekannt oder vorstellbar – es sei denn … es bliebe einem nichts anderes mehr übrig.
Und so war es dann! Es blieb mir um der Gesundheit meiner Seele willen nichts anderes übrig, als alles auf neue Weise in den Blick zu nehmen und neu zu bewerten. Was war passiert? Zweierlei kam zusammen, damit ich mich vom Paulus zum Saulus (von der Pauline zur Sauline) verwandelte: Erstens hatte ich meinen Sohn geschlagen. Da war mir zugleich der Sinn des Mutterseins infrage gestellt.
Zweitens tauchte eines Tages plötzlich weinend und völlig aufgelöst ein frisch eingeschulter Fünftklässler im Lehrerzimmer auf und sauste wie der Blitz unter einen Tisch. „Raus! Aber dalli! Was fällt dir ein ohne anzuklopfen hier herein zu kommen!“ bellte der einzige Kollege, mit dem ich im Lehrerzimmer saß. Der Schüler bettelte darum, bleiben zu dürfen während der Pause, denn draußen lauerten die Klassenkameraden. Der -Kollege hörte ihn gar nicht an, sondern schubste den Jungen unsanft hinaus. Ich ging mit hinaus, um zu sehen, was es gab, und tatsächlich war eine Meute -hinter ihm her gewesen, die sich bei meinem Erscheinen zerstreute.
Ich stellte anschließend den Kollegen zur Rede, warum er den Schüler nicht angehört und geschützt habe. Er war sich keines pädagogischen Fehlverhaltens bewusst. Pädagogisch sei, für die Einhaltung der Regeln zu sorgen. Der Schüler hätte ja nicht geklopft. Und als ich anschließend andere Lehrer zum Problem befragte, zuckten die meisten ungerührt die Achseln und wandten sich ihren wichtigen Korrekturen zu.
Da war mir der Sinn des Lehrerseins infrage gestellt. Ich war aber Mutter und ich wollte Lehrerin sein. Da musste ich mir wohl oder übel neuen Sinn beschaffen.
Ich hielt meinen Betrieb an, um in Ruhe und mit Abstand drauf zu gucken, denn ich hatte den Eindruck, es ginge ums psychische Überleben: Meines, das meiner Kinder und das meiner Schüler. Alles andere wurde Nebensache: Der Lehrplan, die Schule, die Kollegen, der Schulleiter. Was war das wichtigste? Ich fand: gute Kommunikation. Wenn wir Zeit miteinander verbringen sollten, die Schüler und ich, dann ging es in erster Linie nur darum, dass wir alle, Schüler wie Lehrerin, diese Zeit anschließend als sinnvoll verbracht und mit Zufriedenheit betrachten konnten. Das zu gewährleisten, war meine Aufgabe. Und man konnte die Schüler daran beteiligen, herauszufinden, wie diese Aufgabe zu lösen sei. Eigentlich war es ganz einfach, die Schüler zu verstehen und die eigenen Kinder, denn wenn ich sie befragte, redeten sie Tacheles. Aber Klartext kam erst, nachdem ich vorher zwei Fragen mit JA beantwortet hatte: Erstens, ob die Frage danach, wie sie eine Sache sähen, was sie gerne tun würden oder was ihnen am meisten Probleme machen würde, ernst gemeint war. Und zweitens wollten sie häufig wissen, ob sie „wirklich ehrlich“ antworten dürften.
Daraus, dass diese Voraussetzungen offenbar alles andere als selbstverständlich waren, ließ sich schon eine Menge lernen. Und als ich die Message begriffen hatte, schämte ich mich. Nicht so, wie ich mich eine Zeitlang immer im Traum geschämt hatte, weil ich mit heruntergelassenen Hosen auf einem Klo ohne Tür gesehen und ausgelacht worden war. Nein, ich habe mich für mein Verhalten geschämt. Für das eklatante Auseinanderfallen von Anspruch und Wirklichkeit, von Sagen und Tun. Danach verschwand die Scham mit jedem Tag mehr, an dem ich Zeit mit Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen -Erwachsenen verbrachte und die Kommunikation befriedigend war, und die Menschen, die mit mir Zeit verbringen mussten oder wollten, sich wohl dabei fühlten. Dass dabei gelernt wurde, konnte nicht ausbleiben.
Was meine Kinder zum Verstehen meiner Schüler beitrugen, war von unschätzbarem Wert. Sie erzählten aus der Schule und ließen sich befragen. Daraus konnte ich mir meinen Reim stricken, wie Schüler ticken, nämlich einfach wie Menschen einerseits, aber im Gewand einer bestimmten Rolle andererseits. Als Menschen konnte ich sie ernst nehmen wie Erwachsene. Respekt? Das -bekommst du, wenn du Respekt gibst. Ein todsicherer Tipp! Und als ich es ausprobierte, änderte sich alles. Menschen lügen in der Regel nicht gerne, auch Schüler wollen nicht lügen. (Lehrer verhalten sich aber oft, als wäre es so.) Menschen wollen in der Regel gut mit anderen auskommen, auch Schüler. Menschen wollen im -Allgemeinen anerkannt werden und dafür etwas leisten, auch Schüler.
Und was meine Schüler dazu beitrugen, dass es mir, meinen Kindern und ihnen selbst in der Schule und in meinem Unterricht speziell besser ging als je zuvor, ist ebenso vielfältig. Schüler brachten mir bei, dass sie vor allem Respekt, d. h. Gehör und Gerechtigkeit verlangen. Mir geht es nicht anders. Und: Sie haben kein Problem damit, dass der Lehrer Fehler macht. Aber er muss sie zugeben und verbessern. Das ist nicht schwer zu verstehen und nicht schwer zu machen.
Schüler brachten mir vor 15 Jahren Computer und -Internet bei – im Unterricht. Und dabei, während ich etwas übte, erledigten sie sehr ernsthaft ihre eigenen Aufgaben für meine Fächer. Wir hatten im Computerraum oft nicht nur viel Spaß, sondern auch so (eine) richtig fette Lernatmosphäre.
Meine wichtigsten Lehrer während meiner Lehrertätigkeit in Schule waren nicht andere Lehrer, Vorgesetzte oder Lehrerfortbildner, sondern Mandy, Louisa, Berenice und Alex, Jan und Max und viele andere von der 5a bis zum 4. Semester. Und es waren nicht nur einzelne Schüler, sondern oft ganze Gruppen. Es begannen Jahre des Experimentierens und wilden Projektlernens. Sehr spannend war das, es gab überraschende Glücksmomente und unerwartete Schwierigkeiten, die zu überwinden neue Experimente und neue Projekte auslösten.
So war ich fürs erste gerettet.
Aber irgendwann war dieses Trial & Error-Modell, das Praxisprobleme nur mit neuen Praxisversuchen beantwortet, unbefriedigend. Und: Meine neuen und guten Erfahrungen mit Schülern ließen sich nicht mehr mit den gewohnten Regeln erklären, denn ich musste dafür so viele übertreten oder ignorieren. Nicht nur gelernte Vorschriften im Ausführen von Unterricht, sondern auch alle möglichen Annahmen über Schüler und ihr Verhalten. Ich brauchte Hilfe. Und ich sprach einen Erziehungswissenschaftler an, den ich aus meinem Studium kannte und von dem ich wusste, dass er mehr wusste. Ich bekam ein jahrelanges wundervolles Zweitstudium mit einem Privatlehrer und mit mir bisher -völlig unbekannten Denkrahmen und Denkstrategien. Ich lernte neu denken.
Noch immer ist die Welt nicht so, wie ich sie haben möchte. Aber ich komme zurecht.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text wurde zuerst veröffentlicht am 9.3.2013 auf dem Blog http://shiftingshool.wordpress.com: http://shiftingschool.wordpress.com/2013/03/09/warum-ich-doch-nicht-zynikerin-geworden-bin-und-wodurch-meine-seele-davor-gerettet-wurde
About art
Art has to be disturbing.
Art has to bring predictions of the future.
Art has to be an antenna.
Art has to be the oxygen.
Artist’s role is the role of the servant of society.
About my teaching
In one point of my life, when I reached 40, I felt that there was a time to transmit my experience and knowledge to the young upcoming generation of artists, in the form of workshops, lectures, curating the shows, studio visits, discussions. To help art students to understand themselves and the work they do. Also to help them to pass through the difficult threshold of the protection of art school and to step into the real life as a professional artist. Artists of my generation have to be unconditionally generous to the younger generations of artists.
About the Art Academy
Working inside a school structure is important because only from the inside structure can be changed, renewed and adapted to the needs of each generation depending on the spirit of the time.
Teacher
A teacher has to
– have a clear concept of the teaching and the aims he’d like to achieve.
– be informed about current art movements.
– open to the other opinions even if they are contradicting his own.
– understand the personal needs of each student.
– be open to experiments.
– should never take a superior position.
– allow himself to grow and change through interaction with his students.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien zuerst in: “Beschreiben”. Jahrbuch 3, Hochschule für -Bildende Künste Braunschweig. Salon Verlag 1999, S. 79–80.
I recently saw a photograph of college-level design -students lying in a circle on the ground, with their heads towards one another, forming a flower with -outstretched legs as petals, Busby Berkeley-style. They were wearing colored t-shirts which had been chosen to represent the gradations of a color circle.
They were presenting their homework.
The design teacher giving this example was proud. She claimed that giving the class the task of representing a color circle in an original way, had motivated -students to engage with color theory. And that this -engagement had broken through apathy, disinterest, etc. The t-shirt trick had gotten attention from the media, which she seemed to see as a validation of its value.
Perhaps she is a good teacher who creates competence about color theory in other ways. But her enthusiasm made me queasy.
The myth
The myth goes like this: high school students arrived in a college design course, spoiled by years of deadening traditional classroom learning. They had a “just tell me what to do to get a meaningless number grade” mentality. But the inspired teacher, by giving them control over which problems they solve, having them collectively critique each other’s work and LEARN FROM EACH OTHER, aroused a sense of PERSONAL OWNERSHIP. The challenge also aroused their CREATIVITY.
After this powerful mixture took hold, a miracle took place. Their original PASSION for learning, dulled by a conveyer-belt education, AWOKE, and with it a full commitment and motivation to solving a design problem (often co-created by themselves) in a way that was MEANINGFUL TO THEM. They flourished and produced wonderful, INNOVATIVE work.
The story usually ends with proof: a story of the further achievements of a specific Wonder Child.
The reality
The problem is that the Wonder Child’s achievement usually had nothing to do with the course. And that a large group of students didn’t learn anything or made only minimal progress. Or even worse, remained in a blissful state of unconscious incompetence, convinced that they’d achieved something just because they felt inspired, enthusiastic, entertained. The work was meaningful to THEM, useless to anyone else.
Because the “learning objectives” were infected with vague values of originality, creativity, etc., their achievement was never tested. And nobody knows what they achieved anyway, because they worked in groups. Teachers who say they can track what students in a group individually achieved are either lying, stupid or rare workaholic types who monitor a group night and day.
Most are lying. The amount of time and size of the groups alone is evidence enough. The teachers who tell these inspiring stories never talk about the progress of all the students, instead of single iconic wonder stories. Or about the minimum level – the benchmark – of quality that all had to achieve to get a passing grade. Or guarantee that any student graduating can meet this standard.
Gurus feed the myth
This myth is promoted by a steady drumbeat from conferences like TED which feature gurus promoting ideas like “kids can teach themselves”1 and “bring on the learning revolution”2 and “hey, teachers, make it fun”3. There is truth in all of these things, but it is being used in a highly selective, dangerous way.
Once you’ve sparked the interest of students, there is a long path to be followed before they really learn anything. And that isn’t always fun. To succeed, the students have to show qualities which are now unpopular or downright tabu: will power and character. The will power to buckle down and take tough critique, and then try many times again until you get it right. And the character to want to be more than entertained and entertaining.
This is the thing that the gurus and their audiences – usually a product of solid conveyer-belt educations – don’t talk about.
Why?
Why do even good designers who teach, do everything to make it appear that enthusiasm alone will develop someone into a practice-ready designer?
First, because it enables them to keep the (far too numerous) students happy, without creating a massive workload and risking the disapproval of directors who want to pass these students and keep taking their money. For teachers, having character and willpower can easily set you up to be a victim of a system that values neither.
Second, it creates a safe zone in which nothing is quantifiable, so teachers can’t be criticized for lack of productivity. The worst teachers love this.
Lastly, many design teachers live in an insular world where designers making euphoric claims are never challenged and only talk with other designers. So they really can’t conceive of any better way of doing things.
A sick learning culture
Teachers and students cooperate to win inside this system. Teachers intuitively assess students and divide them into groups. The category the student falls into – not their actual achievement – determines their school career. There are three main categories:
Group 1 – Potential Wonder Children – talented and/or well-prepared students. These progress by themselves with minimal or no teaching. The only requirement is to give the kinds of rationale (inspired, creative) the teachers want to hear.
Group 2 – The Average Rest – students who don’t immediately stand out. They are ignored, or judged on “process” and “awareness” instead of the “products” they make. They remain invisible in teams with group grades and are left to assess themselves through bogus methods like “peer assessment”.
Group 3 – The Few that Fail – students who don’t fit the stereotype of the “young creative”. Often subjected to new-agey coaching strategies to “support” them while they slowly fail (and pay).
The result: the potential wonder children are rarely tested, don’t develop and fall apart at the first real challenge they meet (often during graduation). Potentially strong design students in the “average rest” category are neglected and don’t develop. And the “few that fail” lose years of their time and money while the school strings them along with second and third chances and “counselling”.
We need to stop playing this game and start training competent, thinking professionals capable of solving design problems.
What to do: principles for design education at foundation level
Here are a few ways to replace this with real teaching and learning. Please note: it’s critical to do this in the first year of studies, at foundation level.
Individual before team
Students should only be allowed to work as teams after first qualifying in individual assignments that are -rigorously evaluated. Don’t be taken in by hype about “people learning better in groups” or “real-world collaboration skills” for “the new economy”. This is crap. Students need precise feedback about their own real level of achievement. Those who don’t measure up should be told early. In real-world practice, we’re also careful about who we let into a team.
Judge product, not process
The deliverable should be graded, not the student’s “process” or “increased awareness”. If the design deliverables (the solution to the design problem) are properly defined, they should be the best indicator of the competence of a student. If they’re not, there’s something wrong with the design of your course.
Few deliverables, much skill
Require only a few deliverables which take much skill to create. Focus on iterations and improvements. Skill now has an undeservedly bad reputation. Professionals who stay in the same role, getting better at doing one thing, are too often seen as losers who don’t “develop” and “re-invent themselves”. Real iteration on a design, whether coding or writing or diagramming, is not mere “execution”. It’s a deeply synthetic activity that develops creativity, skill and abstract thinking all at once.
Teach broadly, test narrowly
If students work on a well-designed, problem-based course, they will learn much more than the formal learning objectives. It’s tempting to expand the objectives. Don’t stick to only a few, and test only those. The proportion of what’s learned to what’s tested, should be 20/80, not the other way around. Test individually and rigorously.
Problem-based, context-rich
Problem-based learning is best way to teach design. However, it only works if students have extensive access to the context of use. Almost every answer to a question about the design deliverable should begin with: “It depends …” and then mention a variable in the context of use or a related area of practice. So make the context (user information, description of setting, other) available.
Paradoxically, the broadest development is achieved by individual iteration on a limited number of deliverables, requiring much skill, and rigorously evaluated with narrowly defined criteria.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien zuerst am 17.2.2014 unter: http://razormind.info/infoconstructor/?p=883.
1.) www.ted.com/talks/sugata_mitra_shows_how_kids_teach_themselves [4.1.2015]
2.) www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_bring_on_the_revolution [4.1.2015]
3.) www.ted.com/talks/tyler_dewitt_hey_science_teachers_make_it_fun [4.1.2015]
Nora Sternfeld
EB: I’d like to start by asking what led you to begin researching Tel Aviv schools?
SD: School began as an autobiographical research, emerging from my own background. I was born and grew up in Tel Aviv, and since moving to London in 1990, my relationship to where I come from has increasingly become the source of a sense of urgency in my work. For me, the research and the work are forms of returning.
Until recently, when going to vote in Israel, I used to go to a polling station located in my old school, which was a rather strange and somewhat melancholic experience. Wandering through the school corridors, I was reminded of the voices that I experienced in my own education and the impressions they left. I have a very strong memory of how teachers spoke and how they used their voices: they had a particular vocal inflection. To me, voices enact spatial and social relations and what has emerged in my research over the years is in part the implicit social and cultural conditioning that is embedded in the voice.
School started as an open-ended idea: there is a shared intimacy between teacher and pupils, but also there is a kind of performance that goes on in the classroom. I wanted to see if I could get an insight into these spaces, which are part of a public institution but are actually closed to most of the public: even parents don’t get to see what’s going on in there. It was also a matter of curiosity to see if and how it has changed since I was a pupil in the 1970s.
Can you describe the process of research and -recording?
Initially I got permission to sit in on a couple of lessons, to listen to the teacher. Then I realized how fascinating it was to listen to the pupils as well, to their responses and interactions with the teacher, how they behave. They form different groups, like microcosms; each classroom a kind of mini-society. This made me think about just how we are marked by these relationships. Who is your friend? Who is not your friend? Who’s smarter than whom? How do you converse with the teacher? All these little preoccupations are a part of becoming, part of a process.
I discussed the classroom setting with the sound recordist who was working with me, and we began experimenting with ways to record the field of voices in the classroom spatially. I wanted to dislocate this field of voices and sounds, and then to reconstruct them spatially for the visitor in the installation. How the viewer-listener is positioned in relation to voices and sounds is always a central consideration in my work, so the recordings needed to reflect the directionality of the multiple voices and to register where they were situated in the classroom space. This process led us to develop a multidirectional web of microphones attached to the classroom ceiling.
At the same time, it was necessary to convince the institutions to let me in, to get used to my presence, and to have some understanding of my project. I applied to the Israeli Ministry of Education for permission to record in the schools, and they agreed but posed a set of conditions and constraints: I was not allowed to film or photograph the lessons, identify anybody by their full name or identify any of the schools. For each school there was a long process of achieving consent: when the headmaster was open to cooperation, I also explained the project to the teachers, pupils, and parents to get their consent. I was instructed not to interfere with or interrupt the school’s timetables or its daily operations, so I had no control over the content of the lessons that were taught or any other aspect of the way the lessons were run.
Finally, the sound recordist and I were not allowed to be present in the classroom during the lessons: we installed the microphones in advance and then had to wait in the corridor during the recording. In fact, I only listened properly to the lessons when I was back in my studio in London – that was the moment when I was confronted with the material as decontextualized, pure sound. I then engaged in a kind of forensics, a close analysis of recordings of what at first sound like banal exchanges between teacher and pupils. I became obsessed with picking out every utterance and placing it as text on the screen. I also found that the microphones picked up speech and sounds that the teacher hadn’t heard and these revealed a great deal about the class dynamics and its undercurrents.
How did you go about selecting the particular recordings to use?
It was important to me to have a multiplicity of voices and a range of subjects in School and to see how different modes of delivery by different teachers affect their interaction with the pupils. I recorded 68 lessons over a period of two years. Given the conditions that had been set for me, the lessons were necessarily randomly recorded. After the intensive and extended periods of time spent listening and editing, I finally selected seven of the 68 lessons for the installation. This was a hard but significant part of the process. Each lesson was carefully edited down to about 23 minutes: it was a fine line, as I had to bear in mind the danger of distorting the meaning of what the teacher and the pupils were saying by taking their words out of context. The variety of subjects, the quality of the teacher’s voice, the pupils’ voices, their language, their interactions with the teacher and amongst themselves, and how they relate to the subject taught – these all became considerations that contributed to my selection. So School is born of subjective research; it is not an attempt to give a documentary report or to do statistical research on the conditions of education in Israel.
What kind of schools are these and what kinds of pupils attend them?
The Israeli education system is wide and varied, and it’s sectarian: there are ultra-orthodox schools, Arab schools, Kibbutz schools, etc. I wanted, however, to revisit the kind of education that I had, schools that I went to, or similar. The pupils whose voices are in the work come from a range of socio-economic backgrounds, but overall it’s secular state education. You could call it middle Israel.
And how old are the pupils? It strikes me that a work such as this could be made in relation to university students or younger children, but you have very specifically chosen to work with pupils of a particular age.
The children are between 11 and 15 years old. I focused on this age group because I specifically wanted to capture the performance of the voice in a particular time of transition, both physically and mentally. It’s during this period of early adolescence that one starts forming an adult identity. It’s a complex process, but at this stage children establish a more conscious relationship to the world outside the family.
School is very immersive, but it’s notable that this immersion is achieved in a dark space with no concrete reference to a classroom setting, such as the presence of chairs or desks.
You have a point here, but I would add that the architectural structure of School does retain a crucial spatial principle from school settings: it has a set of rooms that are connected by a corridor. No other feature of a school en-vironment as we know it is represented. This is quite -intentional, because not only do I not want anything to distract from the sound, but I would also like to avoid any visual references to particular locations and cultures. I dislocate the sounds into this dark, visually blank space but I keep the spatial arrangement of the rooms and the corridor to create a directional sound environment and form a specific experience for the viewer-listener.
This space of experience will be different for each viewer-listener depending on the particular trajectory he or she takes through the installation.
Yes, from the outset it made sense to me to have a multiplicity of lessons – one in each room – and for the visitor to experience this multiplicity, at times simultaneously, in the corridor. This space is where the visitor wanders between the classrooms, where her route forms an unpredictable narrative that she accumulates from one lesson to the next. The seven lessons play at the same time, and the visitor juxtaposes the lessons in her trajectory and in her experience; she stumbles, say, upon history, then maybe into biology, or suddenly encounters Arabic, at times even coming across the same lesson twice rather than going through all the complete lessons in a prescribed order. When the cycle of lessons ends, the sounds of a school break fill the corridor: kids running and shouting, doors slamming. It is a kind of release. Then the lessons start again in all the rooms.
What is created is an affective space, which I believe is also a productive one. The sound touches you in an unpredictable way and produces something within you. I find it fascinating that something in these sounds can move from one culture into another culture through this experience.
In your earlier installations Lifeguards (2002–05) and Mother’s Day (2006–08), you use the same technique of visualizing voices through projections that transcribe and translate what is being said, but in those installations you retain the use of representational images. Here, you dispense with the representational image entirely, which strikes me as significant. What is at stake in the absence of the image in School?
I find sound more visceral, more intimate than an image, and in my work I focus on very specific sounds that encompass the voice, which is a highly loaded and emotive element. In Lifeguards and Mother’s Day, I separated sound from image and placed the viewer-listener inside the “cut” between the two; for School I was thinking differently about the position of the visitor. Without the apparent certainty of an image you are stepping into something else, something ambiguous that is outside what is knowable. It activates a subjective experience and opens up this experience to a range of potential meanings.
In darkness one listens differently as well as directionally, and School makes use of that experience and gives it weight. The voice field and soundscape are concrete in the sense that they conjure up an image in the mind’s eye. Without a representational image to guide you, you are cast into the amplitude of your own memory of voices in education. Paradoxically, the loss of a sense of embodiment when in darkness is important in enabling this to happen: it facilitates your immersion in the soundscape. Not only are you addressed by the teacher’s voice, but you also find yourself among teenagers who are often distracted, bored, and opinionated. You get drawn into that scene, you start taking sides, deciding you like certain people and not others. You inevitably feel as if you are addressed by these voices; you become situated as another subject and implicated in the scene in which you are moving.
It strikes me that the thematics of translation form a red thread throughout School. We move from the space of the school to the space of the installation, from spoken language to text, and from Hebrew to English. What is the significance of translation in your work?
I often work with materials from Israel and in my primary language, Hebrew, which compels me to consider what it means for a visitor to encounter these materials in another culture: how the work embodies an act of translation, how to characterize the position and experience of being a viewer/listener/reader, and how to make it a productive position.
And yes, you are right, School is in many ways a work of and about translation. The teacher interprets “knowledge” that comes from prescribed texts to the pupils (each teacher of course has a different approach); the pupils discuss their understanding of the lesson (it is not only the text); the discussion and any audible utterance in the classroom is translated from Hebrew to English, edited and merged together as visual text on the screen – disciplinary events and outbreaks of hilarity included.
And of course, there is the spatial translation of School and how the visitor is positioned in a place of translation. As a visitor you have work to do: you are always grappling to understand what’s going on. In my work this goes back to Lifeguards, in which I used the translation of speech to present contradictions and misunderstandings between the gesture of the voice and the meaning of what is being said. In School, the visitor is listening and reading, coping with interruptions and distractions, interpreting and contextualizing; she is constantly in translation and translating.
A major aspect of the affective dimension of the work is the experience of reading the projected titles, synchronized with the rhythm of the voices. Sometimes they are too fast and numerous to fully comprehend. Can we perhaps understand the viewer’s inability to keep up with the speed of the titles as an allegory of the failure of translation to ever truly give a complete rendering of the original?
Yes, there is a certain inability to read absolutely everything, even for native English speakers. To me, this is part of what it means to be in translation: it is never complete, it is always partial, and you have to make do with partial knowledge. I deliberately construct the situation so that the visitor is left to fill the gaps, to actively reconstruct what is being said, and in the process she gradually becomes more implicated.
It’s a matter of knowing that one doesn’t know everything and can’t understand everything. Instead, we recognize that partiality and acknowledge it. This seems to me to be at the heart of what it is to have an ethical relation to another culture.
It’s an essential layer within the whole experience, yes. Perhaps it comes from the fact that I inhabit this on-going condition of translation, oscillating between two cultures and languages. In a sense, I try to reproduce that for the visitor. For example, when you read the synchronized titles, the rhythm in which the words are uttered and the breathing of the speaking voice become the rhythm of the flashing titles. I think this is particularly relevant to the experience of the non-Hebrew speaking visitor: she is listening to a language that is foreign to her, and she can see and feel its rhythm as well as its sounds through her body while trying to keep up with its translation.
The whiteness of the titles creates a pulsation of light in the dark room.
Again, it’s another example of the affective dimension of the installation. The rhythm of the work choreographs sounds, light, and darkness in relation to the architecture of the space. School could be considered as the dark interior of a time capsule, an all-encompassing, polyphonic, orchestrated environment that affects the visitor with its own rules and principles.
Throughout your work, we see a distinct interest in historiography. However, it is what we might call a “minor history,” not in the sense that it is insignificant but in that it leaves behind the big events and the major players. Instead, you focus on small, quotidian moments. Is it fair to say that you approach geopolitical issues through the documentation of everyday lived experience?
As I mentioned earlier, I come to subjects in my work through my personal experience and from my relation to the voice. I am interested in how these are affected by and implicated in social and political conditions, but I am also grappling with my personal relation to these conditions, my mixed relationship with the place I come from. I think this reveals something about how geopolitical issues reverberate in everyday life and situations, and this is how the work has much wider implications than its content might otherwise imply: it oscillates between a specific locality with its cultural narratives, and wider concerns about the relations between the individual and the collective.
So how important is the political dimension in School?
School is of course embedded in specific political realities but, it’s important to understand that it addresses these realities in an oblique way. Significantly, some of the strategies we discussed earlier amount to a political positioning in themselves, although in a different register than geopolitics: there is considerable value here to a multiplicity – of voices, for example, or of modes of disputation. There is also the way in which visitors are affected and implicated in the installation, the heightened condition of translation, and the absence of representational images. All these things are political in a sense.
I have an interest in how visitors to School might begin to think differently about how education functions within their own society and culture, and how it relates to subjectivity. In fact, during its first presentation at the Folkestone Triennial in 2011, I spent many days observing the audience inside the installation and had conversations with them about their experience of the work. It was striking how many wanted to discuss their own education in comparison with elements in the work.
Everybody is touched by education, of course, which is part of why it’s such a politically hot issue around the world.
Yes, it is always intertwined. For example, in the context of Israel there’s recently been a stormy internal debate that most non-Israeli audiences would not be aware of, regarding how politically charged issues and political views should be discussed by teachers in secondary education. Some teachers have been accused by politicians from the right of bringing politics and personal political views into the classroom.
As if there could be an education without politics.
Exactly. These teachers pointed out that it would be impossible to cover the curriculum without discussing politically charged issues at all, especially in the teaching of citizenship. And Israel is not alone in having disputes over the place of politics in education: for example, in the United Kingdom right now there is a debate raging about changes to the history curriculum that the current Minister for Education is trying to push through, and which many regard as highly ideological.
This brings us to the politics of subject formation. The school is a key example of what Louis Althusser calls an “ideological state apparatus.” It’s not a repressive apparatus like the police or the prison, but it is nonetheless an apparatus for producing and reproducing subjects, for interpellating subjects to the ideology of the state. I think we can definitely see this understanding of the educational institution at play in School. But unlike Althusser, who has a rather totalizing view of ideology, you offer something a little more open and conflicted. We feel that force of interpellation, but we also see counterforces that are actively trying to negotiate it.
I was surprised at how willing and eager the pupils are to assert their own views, sometimes really contradicting what the teacher is saying.
It is interesting to see that place where these discursive negotiations happen and how they happen, but as an artist, I am not out to illustrate a particular theoretical position. I think it’s clear in School that the reproduction of ideology is not seamless and it’s not total. As far as I’m concerned, education is a process of hit and miss from which subjectivity emerges. The commotion and social dynamics of the classroom enable the visitor to feel the insecurity of being a teenager. School shows that being a teenager is fraught, partly because there is resistance to conforming to the expectations of the institution, and partly because as teenagers they are in a state of being “in-between”. At the same time, we hear the pupils in class being repeatedly told, “Think for yourselves!” These contradictory demands confuse what is resistance, what is conformity, and what is interpellation. There’s a tension between resistance and conformity here, and I think this tension is telling, because it is something that is not entirely controllable or predictable by the institution. Also, for me, this has a relation to the importance of ambiguity: if, in School, visitors are positioned in a place of contradictions and uncertainties, it does not mean that they are left without meaning – on the contrary.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text ist eine gekürzte Fassung des im Februar 2014 geführten Interviews, zuerst erschienen in: Hila Peleg, Erika Balsom (Hg.), Berlin Documentary Forum 3. Berlin 2014, S. 164–169.
1.) ‚School‘ (2009-11) Seven channels of HD Video / 42 channels of Sound / specially constructed Architecture.
Duration: Seven synchronised lessons of 24 minutes each and a 3 minutes school break, on a loop. Excerpt of Lesson 1 of 7: History (12‘30“ from 25‘17“) are linked via QR code.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien zuerst in Monopol. Magazin für Kunst und Leben, Ausgabe 1/2012, S. 86–89.
Viktor Papanek, Designer
„Keine Zukunft ohne nachhaltige Entwicklung. Keine nachhaltige Entwicklung ohne mentalen Wandel. Kein mentaler Wandel ohne (Bewusstseins-)Bildung.“
Gerhard de Haan, Erziehungswissenschaftler und Zukunftsforscher
What’s Now Design?
Designer zu sein, das ist auf den ersten Blick eine Profession innerhalb einer klassischen Disziplin. Im Zuge der industriellen Arbeitsteilung entwickelte sich ein klar umrissenes Berufsbild: die Spezialisierung auf das Entwerfen von Gebrauchsgegenständen. Der Common Sense verstand: „Ich bin Designer“ genauso gut wie: „Ich bin Ingenieur, Architekt, Arzt…“ So war das vor nicht allzu langer Zeit. Aber heute?
Im Moment werden innerhalb der Disziplin die Karten neu gemischt: Digitale Tools verändern die Gestaltungs- und Fertigungsprozesse, die Verschmelzung von Software/Hardware führt zu neuen Produkten, der OpenSource-Mindset justiert das geistige Eigentum des Entwerfers an der kreativen Allmende – der Weg in die nächste Gesellschaft, die Computergesellschaft, erschüttert in jedem Winkel alte Gewissheiten und fordert neue Herangehensweisen.
Verunsichert stellt das Entwerfer-Ego die Frage nach dem Kern seiner Tätigkeit: Bin ich ein autokratischer Erfinder? Darf ich das noch sein? Ist mir die Schwarmintelligenz überlegen? Was geben die Tools vor? Was ist mein Anteil? Bin ich schon überflüssig? Can anybody be a Designer? Kann das eigentlich jeder, Design? Nein. Gerade aufgrund von Hightech und Digitalisierung, der Fusion des Produktdesigns mit neuesten Medien in Devices, wird Design immer komplexer und vieldimensionaler in seinen Prozessen und dadurch immer schwerer zu erlernen.
Die professionellen Anforderungen vervielfältigen sich mit der Komplexität der Produkte und Prozesse. Design ist nicht mehr allein Warenästhetik und Formfindung, wie noch in weiten Teilen des 20. Jahrhunderts, es inkorporiert mittlerweile auch Bereiche wie Ergonomie, Psychologie, Steuerung der Fertigungstechniken und -abläufe, Moderation von verschiedenen Fachkulturen und vieles mehr.
Derart diszipliniertes, vielseitig ausgebildetes Design ist gegenwärtig äußerst erfolgreich. Es integriert die Teile zu einem plausiblen Produkt. Design Driven Products (iPhone) bzw. Design getriebene Unternehmen (Apple) erleben derzeit ihr goldenes Zeitalter, weil sie über das Regime des Designs alle Register der Komplexität ziehen können und doch zu einem eleganten, verständlichen und damit populären Ergebnis gelangen.
Die Computerisierung erzeugt also keineswegs eine Krise der Disziplin und in der Folge einen Paradigmenwechsel, der den Einstieg für jedermann ermöglichen würde. Design, wie es heute von der professionellen Avantgarde praktiziert wird, ist eine anforderungsreiche Metadisziplin, die sich mit komplexen, hochgradig arbeitsteiligen Verfahren befasst und sie in Hinblick auf etwas Fassbares, Verständliches, letztlich Produktförmiges bündelt. Can anybody be a Designer? Surely not.
„Ist jeder Mensch ein Gestalter?“, Vielleicht doch! Denn im Deutschen weitet sich der Begriff Design: Die Verbindung mit der Profession ist nicht so zwingend, und es scheint eine andere Seite, ein anderer Schwerpunkt auf. Dazu trägt der diskursive Rahmen des europäischen (und vor allem deutschen) Designs bei, der während des gesamten 20. Jahrhunderts immer auch nichtprofessionelle, „höhere Ziele“ – politische, künstlerische und gesellschaftliche – verhandelte.
Im Anschluss an Joseph Beuys’ Bonmot „Jeder Mensch ist ein Künstler“ lässt sich die Fähigkeit zur Gestaltung als ein Grundvermögen in jedem Einzelnen interpretieren, unabhängig davon, wie weit der Weg ist, der zu seiner Kultivierung noch zurückzulegen ist. Mit einer anthropologischen Perspektive kann man noch weiter gehen: Gestalten zu können ist dann nicht nur ein latentes Vermögen, sondern ein konstant praktiziertes, fundamentales Bedürfnis nach Anpassung der Lebenswelt an die eigenen Vorstellungen – eine zentrale Kulturtechnik. Gestaltung identifiziert das Subjekt mit seiner materiellen Umwelt. Deshalb erzeugt sie selbst bei bescheidenen Erfolgen Freude und Stolz. Sie steigert die Lebensqualität und intensiviert die Selbstwahrnehmung.
Die Kultur der Gestaltung (im Gegensatz zur Profession) zieht sich wie ein roter Faden durch die Menschheitsgeschichte. Über weite Strecken des Zivilisationsprozesses wusste jede Bauer, wie man eine Scheune baut oder einen Garten anlegt und brauchte dafür weder einen Architekten noch Landschaftsplaner. Er verfügte über tausend kleine, überschaubare Fertigkeiten zur Anpassung seiner Umwelt. Diese „kultivierten“ Fähigkeiten – von den Eltern, von anderen Bauern usw. erlernt – wurden als kulturelle Praxis namens Tradition weitergegeben.
Halten wir also als zweiten Punkt zum Stand des Designs heute fest: Es gibt eine breit aufgestellte, unbewusste, nicht elitäre Gestaltungskultur, die man normalerweise nicht auf den ersten Blick als Design wahrnimmt, die aber jeder Mensch praktiziert. Diese zweite Seite des Designs nenne ich im Weiteren Grundvermögen.
Diese beiden Betrachtungsweisen des Phänomens Design führen zu meiner ersten These: Im Laufe der Moderne gerieten Grundvermögen und Profession miteinander in Konflikt. Der Gestaltungsspielraum jedes Einzelnen wird mehr und mehr durch komplexe, fragmentierte, arbeitsteilige Design-Prozesse ersetzt. Diese Prozesse generieren wiederum komplexe Artefakte (Produkte, Tools, Infrastrukturen) und damit eine immer vielschichtigere materielle Welt. Die Komplexität dieser materiellen Welt (in Prozessen und Artefakten) erzeugt die Abhängigkeit des Einzelnen von Spezialisten und Experten und schränkt seine individuellen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten weiter ein.
Dies ist die erste Designkrise, eine Krise des gestalterischen Grundvermögens. Zunächst soll es jedoch noch um eine zweite Krise gehen, die von außen kommt und den Auftrag des Designs betrifft. Tatsächlich hängt diese zweite Krise auf eine interessante Art mit der Krise des Grundvermögens zusammen.
Die große Krise
Die große Krise betrifft das Gesamtsystem des Zusammenlebens wie es heute ökonomisch, ökologisch und sozial organisiert ist, eine Zivilisationskrise ohne historisches Beispiel. Peak Everything.
Schon 1972 fragte der Club of Rome nach den „Grenzen des Wachstums“. Seine Leitfrage lautete: „Wie kann ein dauerhaft durchhaltbares Zivilisationsmodell aussehen?“ Das Ergebnis war niederschmetternd, denn es verdeutlichte: „Nicht so wie das unsere, wenn wir den Imperativ gleiche Lebenschancen für gegenwärtige und künftige Generationen zugrunde legen.“ Hieraus wurde bereits vor 40 Jahren die Forderung nach „nachhaltiger Entwicklung“ in den Großsystemen Ökologie, Ökonomie, Gesellschaft abgeleitet.
Diese bekannte Krise entwickelt gegenwärtig eine neue Virulenz: „Wir erleben jetzt das Zeitalter der Konsequenzen“, so kommentierte Al Gore den Hurricane Katrina, der 2005 die Großstadt New Orleans zerstörte. Die Konsequenzen der Krise unseres Zivilisationsmodells rücken immer näher an uns heran. Börsencrash, Arbeitslosigkeit, Ressourcenerschöpfung, Armut, Klimawandel, Ausbeutung, Koexistenzprobleme, Flucht, Krieg, all dies sind Probleme mit globaler Auswirkung, bei denen sich die ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Dimensionen nicht klar trennen lassen. Die Ausbeutung und Erschöpfung von Ressourcen ist gleichzeitig ein ökonomisches, soziales und ökologisches Problem.
Das heißt auch: kein Teilsystem (Politik, Wirtschaft…) kann sie mit seinen Mitteln allein lösen. Es ist also unvernünftig, nur auf die Regierung oder den Markt zu vertrauen – auch wenn man diese Akteure auf keinen Fall aus der Pflicht entlassen kann. Aber die Initiative muss zusätzlich von jedem Einzelnen und seiner individuellen Lebensführung ausgehen.
What’s Next Design?
Hier kommt das Grundvermögen als Lösungsansatz ins Spiel. Denn jeder ist prinzipiell in der Lage, kreative Möglichkeiten der Lebensgestaltung zu finden und anzuwenden, die basisdemokratisch als bottom-up zur Verbesserung der Gesamtsituation beitragen: Jeder Mensch ist ein Gestalter und kann einen Bildungsweg gehen.
Andererseits ist aus der top-down-Warte kaum eine komplexere Aufgabenstellung denkbar, als diejenige, vor die uns die große Krise stellt. Wäre es nicht unglaublich interessant für einen Designer als Komplexitätsmanager, über eine Transformation der Disziplin zum Meta-Design nachzudenken und wieder einen gesellschaftlichen Bezug herzustellen? Einen konsequenten Sprung aus der industrialisierten Professionalität in die Vermittlung zu wagen – zum Zweck, die vielen, verstreuten Grundvermögen gewissermaßen zu erziehen und zu dirigieren?
Möglicherweise ist es für uns in den postindustriellen Gesellschaften besonders einfach, gleichzeitig auf beiden Wegen in Richtung einer Lösung zu gehen, denn es gibt eine gute Ausgangsposition für das bottom-up-Handeln im Spannungsfeld der gegenwärtigen, übrigens auch krisenverursachten, gesellschaftlichen Megatrends weniger Erwerbsarbeit/weniger Geld und mehr Zeit/mehr Spielräume für Lebensgestaltung – die „Krise der Arbeitsgesellschaft“ nennen das die einen, während andere darin die „Chance einer Kulturgesellschaft“ aufscheinen sehen. Darüber hinaus verfügen wir über ein großes, hart erkämpftes Kapital. Es gibt ausgezeichnete Möglichkeiten zur Bildung und Befähigung von Menschen: eine gute allgemeine Bildungslage, gut entwickelte Lerninfrastrukturen und viel gesammeltes professionelles Know-how. Im Hinblick auf einen lebensweltlich geerdeten, also praktischen Wissenstransfer könnte ein vermittlerisch gewendetes, professionelles Design in einer top-down-Mission zur Revitalisierung des Grundvermögens eine tragende Rolle spielen.
Wie müsste sich also, aus diesen Überlegungen heraus, Design angesichts der Krise neu erfinden? Zunächst: Die Revitalisierung des Grundvermögens kann jedem individuell in der Krise nützen, ganz praktisch im Sinne des kreativen Umgangs mit Ressourcenmangel und Zeitgewinn, aber auch im Sinne eines Erlebens einer neuartigen Lebensqualität jenseits von Bruttoinlandsprodukt und Wohlstandsmodell. Es kann der Allgemeinheit bei der Bewältigung der Krise helfen, weil das Wissen und die Kreativität jedes Einzelnen herausgefordert werden und darüber viele Ideen generiert werden können.
Bei dieser Neu-Erfindung sollte jedoch unbedingt der Bildungsweg in den Blick genommen werden, der hier noch zu gehen ist. Nicht das Zurück in die Selbstversorger-Mentalität früherer Zeiten weist den Weg aus der Krise, sondern die Erschließung und Demokratisierung aller Mittel und Methoden, die im Industriezeitalter im Dienste der Produktivität entwickelt wurden.
Hier ist ein großer Sprung gefragt, und daraus folgt ein großer Appell: Die Profession Design muss einen Bildungsauftrag wahrnehmen. Sie muss dem Grundvermögen ihr Know-how bereitstellen. Designer müssen zeigen und anwenden, was über Design-Denken auf der Höhe der technischen und zivilisatorischen Entwicklung erreichbar ist in Bezug auf nachhaltige Entwicklung.
Designer müssen dazu Lehrer werden, eine Hinwendung zur Forschung und Vermittlung unternehmen. Sie müssen Wege finden, ihre Fähigkeiten in ganz neuartige Anwendungsfelder einzubringen. Und sie müssen zur selben Zeit Schüler werden und sich selbst auf einen kollektiven Lernprozess einlassen.
Es geht um die Herstellung einer neuen Allianz von Profession und Grundvermögen.
Wenn die Frage ist: Was kann Design tun, wenn es für das Ziel einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung eine Rolle spielen möchte? dann ist die Antwort: den Bildungsauftrag wahrnehmen, der sich aus der Krise ergibt. Und dieser lautet: Bildung für eine neue Kultur der Lebensgestaltung.
Postscriptum Ich nehme in Kauf, dass meine Ausführungen abstrakt, romantisch und utopisch klingen, aber sie erschöpfen sich nicht in Feststellungen und Forderungen. Next Design passiert bereits an ganz vielen Stellen, real, greifbar und anschlussfähig, zum Mitmachen. Einige Elemente davon sind hier zu finden: Urban Gardening, City Farms, Seed Banks zur Erhaltung von Biodiversität, FabLabs/Community-Fabbing, bottom-up organisierte Plattformen für den Wissenstransfer, Initiativen für demokratisierte Breitenbildung und zur Überbrückung des Digital Divide, Naturalienwirtschaft 2.0: Wiederverwenden, Tauschen, Leihen, Schenken
Organisation kollektiver Gestaltungprozesse, „Wunschproduktion“. Viel Spaß beim Googeln!
The Question’s Relation to Conservation
What especially interests me in this regard, and what I wish to convey in the following is that in the conservation of both the most recent and older art – a discipline that is most proximate to my professional background as conservator – the aspects of time have not been scrutinised sufficiently.4 The sequential, chronological experience resulted in the understanding of time merely as a method of its measurement, time of clocks, machines, industry and labour. Yet, while critical theory, philosophy and art practice have long been engaged with anachronistic and heterochronic interpretations of history – the belated and the put-of-synch, seriality and repetition to name but a few5 – conservation remained attached to the linear patterns. How can we, then, understand and care for art that is con-temporary and that in many ways incorporates and/or processes time through and by means of its media?6 Can we intellectually retreat from our attempt to rethink time in conservation?
Asking “what’s next” thus imposes on those conceptualising conservation a profound engagement with the aspects of time that goes beyond the methods of its measurement and observation of cyclicality in nature. The “next” would signify a turn towards the understanding of time in what we conserve and in how we perform conservation. It is, all in all, time to think about time in conservation – a challenge that this essay will attempt to introduce.
Locating the Crisis
Now that the main problem has been formulated and the direction of what follows has become clear, there still remains a question of what, in the field of conservation, could be identified as a crisis. A crisis, which – perhaps implicitly – is one of the crucial thoughts that lies at the conception of this volume, signifies a certain situation that negatively affects those involved and often indicates that the system in question is functioning poorly.
It may be said that conservation’s crisis occurred with the realisation that traditional conservation principles and doctrines cannot be applied to the dynamic, evolving, changeable artworks that commenced being created in the middle of last century. Much of these media were conceived during the 1960s and 1970s, marked by social, cultural and political transformations. During the heyday of Fluxus, and the rise of new forms of artistic expression, technology-based media, conceptual art and performance, possibilities emerged for artworks to be re-performed, reproduced, repeated, recorded and replayed. This not only introduced a new temporal awareness, but also the necessity to develop new attitudes in conservation and, equally, a new way of thinking about the “conservation object.“
Before this, as an inheritance of the Enlightenment, and coming with it the belief in the objectivity of scientific analysis, the assumption that an artwork may be stabilised in one specific condition was wide-spread.7 Artworks became static in their attempt to arrest change; the notion of the “original object” being, at times, in an “original condition” was widely established. This reflected the idea of the conservation of artworks as related to the museums’ mandate to safeguard works in their custody, which leant on a certain kind of ontological assumption about their permanence. Conservation, so it seemed, was preoccupied with the material preservation of the “past” for the “future.” Conversely, it was precisely that apparent connection with the past that valorised the heritage in the numerous discussions on authenticity.
Yet in a vast number of artworks created in the second half of last century up to the present day, their “objectification” signalises a reduction to a particular material “state” or “condition” discernable by observation, measurement and analysis. Clearly, the scientific analysis is of great importance; however, if considered alone, it is insufficient in the quest for understanding the ontology of works of art with which we engage.
Artworks, rather than being “objects” are products of humans and their culture; they are dynamic entities, the materiality of which can only be defined in an entangled network of relations and under the consideration of social and temporal structures.8 In grasping the nature of artworks and their networks, the more recent conservation theories strive to convey this shift.9
The Problem With the “Object”
Interestingly, the establishment of a “conservation object” and its reduction to a specific condition that is anchored in a certain moment in time reactivates the temporal problem. For instance, if an artwork, say, a multimedia installation, occurred in a different shape during various re-exhibition procedures, while designing strategies for its future shape, conservation tends to select a singular “condition” or “instance” that is extracted from its trajectory. Such a condition is often referred to as “original” or “authentic.” Importantly, it lies (remotely) in the past, often close to a work’s conception and/or first realisation. I believe that this connection to an earlier instance derives from conservation’s understanding of time in terms of its measurement on a chronological timeline and the observations of the linearity of decay and alteration. But how could this have become a non-plus-ultra, a definitive concept?
Let us, for a moment, reflect on how time became linear.
Thinking Time
There is no universal definition of time; attitudes towards the understanding of time occupied thinkers of different persuasions over centuries and resulted in a variety of approaches. Today, too, we find ourselves facing the unsolved and ubiquitous paradigm of time. What do we think when we think of “time”? In the words of Hans Castorp, the main protagonist in Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain:
“… What is time? – Now is not then, here is not there – for in both cases motion lies in between. But since we measure time by a circular motion closed in on itself, we could just as easily say that its motion and change are rest and stagnation – for the then is constantly repeated in the now, the there in the here …”.10
Time occurs within a range of various intensities and velocities while reading an interesting book or watching a play; it may turn into a painful expectation when we wait for someone or something that we long for, a lover or beloved, an important message or delayed train.
Time as a Method of its Measurement
The omnipresence of the common sense definition of time as a method of its measurement – a clock – was first introduced at the end of the thirteenth century. This also marks the inception of modern homogenous time, which replaced traditional methods of time measurement based on unequal intervals calculated by the length of daylight. Mechanical clock time was initially applied in monastic life and belonged to God. Early clocks were able to remind the monk of his obligation to announce the hours; the towers became houses for clocks and all announcements of religious festivities, warnings of danger and marking the beginning and end of the working day. French philosopher Michel Foucault saw in the religious orders the establishment of discipline and a chronological way of thinking that was linked with the application of timetable.11
It was only later that the clock entered secular life to announce the hours from the town hall’s tower and to regulate work in the textile towns of Flanders and Northern France.12 It is striking that, until the sixteenth century, clock time remained a European phenomenon and was perceived in China merely as a curiosity, despite the long-standing Chinese tradition of mechanical water clocks. The modern science and refinement of the theory of entropy (second law of thermodynamics) confirmed time as a linear entity and its tightness to irreversible direction. Time became regulated with the appearance of the railway and telegraph, and was soon standardised. In 1884, during the International Meridian Conference in Washington, the world changed to twenty-four hour time with Greenwich as the zero meridian, and the first regulating time signal was emitted from the Eiffel tower in Paris in 1914. This division was only stable until the appearance of the global electronic network. The rise of capitalism and the expanding economy that tied the attachment of the employee and employer to clock time was manifest in the control over the cycles of labour and leisure. It was philosopher, economist and sociologist Karl Marx who delineated the exact measure of time as a value in capitalistic society. This standardised time led to the rise of ethical problems related to cultural and racial difference according to a linear, developmental notion of progress and amplified by the colonial imperative to conquer other than own time and space. This modern time consciousness, according to the media theorist Bliss Cua Lim, became gradually natural and incontrovertible – a sort of ready-made temporality – and obscured the plurality of our existence in time.13
Conservation’s Clock Time
It occurs to me that in conservation, as an Aristotelian inheritance of linearity, we have too easily accepted this ready-made temporality manifest in mechanical follow up of instances in the manner of replacement rather than organic continuity. Although, admittedly, the temporal irreversibility of decay and alteration (leading to entropy) implies a certain type of linearity, this concept is not sufficient to encompass the complexity of the existence of artworks in time.
The concept of reversibility, for instance – a much contested conservation theorem that, for a considerable time, was one of the main rules in conservation – presumes that a process or treatment can be reversed. It also somewhat approximates the idea of the return to an earlier condition of an artwork reflected in the term of re-storation, which, from an etymological point of view, already involves the notion of “redoing.”14
Paradoxically, the return to the “ideal” or “original condition” contradicts the linear progress of time. It is precisely the impossibility of the return to the original condition that the very idea of reversibility is based on. Why would we wish to return to something, if we have not lost it already, as in Origen’s Garden of Eden?15 So this understanding of time as linear, in various attempts to restore an object, in other words, is predicated on the notion of reversibility, which does not change the fact of its misinterpretation (as one cannot turn back entropy).
“World-withdrawal and world-decay can never be undone” – contends German philosopher Martin Heidegger.16 “The works are no longer the same as they once were. It is they themselves, to be sure, that we encounter there, but they themselves are gone by.”17 This could be understood as a reference not only to time, but also to the “world.” Even if we could restore the object to its original condition (which is not possible, as I have argued), we would not be able to restore its world, so it will always be different from “how” (rather than “what”) it was. This also signalises an attempt to impose our own concept of timelessness18 and uniqueness of a temporal context, in which artworks are accessed.
Multimedia and Beyond
Although this critique can be applied to many art forms, both traditional and non-traditional, I will narrow its scope to multimedia installations.
Multimedia installations are heterogeneous, compound entities created from a range of materials and elements rather than in a singular medium. Due to their characteristics, they introduce aspects of dispersal and reassembly following the repeated cycles of their materialisation. These works, unlike traditional painting or sculpture, do not exist in an assembled form beyond the duration of an exhibition or a technical test-run. The ontological shift between the appearance and disappearance, a series of iterations characterised by the potentiality for change occurring throughout their lifespan, places them in a discursive realm of authenticity. This realm leans on the presence of the material evidence on the one hand (physical, performative object) and, on the other, the possibility of an authentic experience created in the course of the artwork’s re-performances with entirely or partially new components under the exclusion of its material origins (performed work). In museums, it also causes tension with regard to the aforementioned ontological assumption about permanence of artefacts.
Changeability
One of the main characteristics of multimedia works of art is changeability. Encompassing extrinsic and intrinsic change, and independently of its desirability and the questions of judgement (good or bad), changeability goes beyond any reference to some kind of a mean value and may involve a fundamental change as a historical practice. Changeability places an artwork in a universe of the already realised but also potential transformations. The key to understanding these transformations lies, I believe, in offering a conception of time that is different than the conventional, sequential one and that may supplement the certain linearity of decay and ageing.
Towards Alternative Conceptions of Time
In response to these new characteristics introduced by multimedia, in what follows, I propose supplementing the temporal irreversibility of decay and alteration with an alternative conception of time. I suggest that the key to the acknowledgement of changeability of multimedia works of art expressed in the variety of their instantiations lies in the recognition of the temporal equivalence of the plurality of their occurrences.
The privileging of one instance over another and thus freezing of a changeable artwork in the gesture of its conservation that accords with the conventions of a particular epoch and its ruling set of values reflects the understanding of time as progress, as succession from one point to another. Here, progress may be understood in a twofold manner: as the progress of time that enables the conservator to employ the newest technological and scientifically informed methods to obtain the preferred result, but also – and relevant for this argument – the progress from the “then” as the object’s “most precious” and “original” state to its changed reality. To be sure, instead of turning back to an object’s assumed state that has been but is no more, restoration/conservation is adding new values that result in manufacturing historicity and is actually producing something new.19
Bergsonian Duration as a Survival of the Past
To fully understand the durational character of artworks and acknowledge the continuity of change that they undergo, it occurs to me that the conception of time as durée of the French philosopher Henri Bergson’s (1859–1941) may be helpful. The Bergsonian conception is but first of all a critique of time of natural sciences conceived on the basis of specialised, fragmented time. Rather, it is the movement of time itself, the permanent, unstoppable changing of things. The concept of duration rests on the idea of there being a present involving a past and the anticipation of a future – an idea that I propose applying to the understanding of time in conservation that contradicts the fragmentation of an object’s identity into externally related moments.
Although my argument is based mainly on Bergsonian theory, it is difficult today to think about Bergson without including his most significant interpreter, the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. In fact, Bergsonism as I understand it, is, nowadays, barely separable from Deleuze’s contribution.20 In his book Bergsonism (1961), Deleuze provides us with a comprehensive insight into Bergson’s method, including his own ideas about the ontology of things. One insight is Deleuze’s assumption that “things must, of necessity, endure in their own way,” which reconfirms Bergson’s assertion that “…we do not endure alone, external objects, it seems, endure as we do.” This is based on Bergson’s argument that duration was from the start defined as multiplicity, and qualities exist in things no less than they do in consciousness.21 Bergson’s assumption of duration outside the “self” elaborated by Deleuze introduces a dimension that may have further consequences for the “object of conservation.” One possible way of its interpretation may suggest a horizon of time not only inherent to the subject (psychological time), but a time that enables objects and artworks to have their own duration. Artworks will thus cease to be “screens that denature duration,” a form of exteriority as it were, and will become temporal multiplicities on their own.
Bergsonian visualisation of the idea of the contemporaneity of the past in the form of a cone metaphor may be helpful for rethinking time in conservation.22 The cone is divided into three sections AB, A’B,’ A’’B’’ symbolising a state of coexistence of all layers of the past with the present. The past AB would coexist with the present S under the inclusion of all the sections A’B’ and A’’B.’’ The sections are virtual, symbolically representing the distance of the past in relation to the present, yet including the entirety of the past rather than its particular elements. The identity of duration is presented as an ever-growing image of the past in the present and “the conservation and preservation of the past and the present.”23 Every following moment contracts and condenses with the former and, simultaneously, “always contains, over and above the preceding one, the memory the latter has left it.”24 Deleuze maintains:
We are too accustomed to thinking in terms of the “present.” We believe that a present is only past when it is replaced by another present. Nevertheless, let us stop and reflect for a moment: How would a new present come about if the old present did not pass at the same moment as it is present? How would any present whatsoever pass, if it were not past at the same time as present? The past would never be constituted if it had not been constituted first of all, at the same time as it was present. There is here, as it were, a fundamental position of time and also the most profound paradox of memory: The past is “contemporaneous” with the present that has been. … The past and the present do not denote two successive moments, but two elements that coexist: One is the present, which does not cease to pass, and the other is the past, which does not cease to be but through which all presents pass.25
So in the contemporaneity, the past and the present that has been coexist, but the past also preserves itself endlessly in itself, while the present passes. Following this line of thought, would an artwork’s present preserve all its pasts?
Bergson speaks of the acting, abiding, actual past:
Like the universe as a whole, like each conscious being taken separately, the organism which lives is a thing that endures. Its past, in its entirety, is prolonged to its present, and abides there, actual and acting. How otherwise could we understand that it passes through distinct and well-marked phases, that it changes its age – in short, that it has a history?26
This duration of the past is crucial when rethinking the notion of time in conservation that is preoccupied with searching for the past authentic condition of an artwork as the one that ceased to be present. The past, for Bergson, is alongside the present – a concept distinct from conventional ways of thinking about past, present and future as separable realms.27 Duration is the survival of the past, an ever-accumulating ontological memory that is wholly, automatically and ceaselessly preserved. In duration, the current moment does not depose that which came before. Following the Bergsonian conception of time and its Deleuzian interpretation, I propose that in changeable multimedia works of art, the present is the survival of the past. In the process of conservation, the past is actualised in the present, the latter being the only status we are able to analyse from our inhabited temporal perspective.28 Duration is, I argue, crucial for understanding the continuity of artworks and essential to divorcing conservation from its traditional views of time. A possible consequence of the application of durée to works characterised by change is that their changeability expressed by the multitude of instances may unrestrictedly exist in a continuum of duration. In other words, each instantiation of a changeable artwork preserves, as it were, the former.
Preserving the Present
In sum, the orientation of conservation towards the past is a gesture reassembling back-and-forth movements between abstract times, or at best a misinterpretation of linearity – we allegedly “take care of the past” and “pass it over to the future.” If the past is exactly as contemporary as the present, then we do not need to “preserve the past” in the traditional meaning of the word, but preserve the present. In fact the present seems to be the only reality given, and the only one to be preserved. In the case of multimedia installations, conservation could thus be defined as a process that shapes the changeability of artworks, yet does not prevent it. If anything, it could contribute to the reduction of the degree of changeability, if desirable. So in my thinking – and following Bergsonian durée – artworks that undergo transformation abide in their present (and only) “condition,” which is constituted by their many different pasts. In other words, they are constructed by their “present” as much as by their “past conditions.” This may not only result in abandoning the search for authenticity somewhere in the remote past, but may also shift conservation from its attempt to manage change (measured in an artwork’s former conditions) to a process intervening in the artwork’s temporality. Furthermore, it will unquestionably release conservation from the drive to “recover the past” and “the original” or “give back the authentic object,” which, in my view, are misguided approaches based on an incorrect conception of time.
The applicability of this proposition may not only offer conservation the possibility to overcome the aforementioned too easily accepted ready-made temporality and the difficult relation with its ‘object,’ but also reach beyond the conservation of multimedia works. If taken seriously, it could have an impact on traditional art.
Whether related to traditional art or multimedia, it should not be left unmentioned that conservation may by no means claim to be neutral. Each intervention is a process that transforms the work of art. Furthermore, conservation is, according to the Italian conservation theoretician Cesare Brandi, a moment of the methodological recognition of a work, an instantaneous appropriation in which the consciousness of the observer recognises an object as a work of art.29 In discussing the significance of the past and opposing the idea of permanence, the British heritage theorist David Lowenthal holds that “every act of recognition alters what survives.”30 He adds to it a positive value – the past can be used fruitfully when it is “domesticated,” “to inherit is to transform.”31
1.) Saint Augustine, Confessions, transl. by Edward Bouverie Pusey (Kindle Edition: Evinity Publishing Inc., 2009 (397–398)).
2.) Frederic Jameson, “The End of Temporality,” in Abstraction: Whitechapel Documents of Contemporary Art, ed. Maria Lind (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2013), 121.
3.) Jacques Derrida, Marges de la philosophie (Paris, 1972), 47, quoted in Jameson, “The End of Temporality,” 121.
4.) For a study on the concepts of time in the context of conservation, see Hanna Hölling, “Re: Paik: On Time, Identity and Changeability in the Conservation of Nam June Paik Multimedia Installations” (PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, 2013).
5.) Amelia Groom, ed., Time: Whitechapel Documents of Contemporary Art (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, forthcoming), book overview available at https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/time.
6.) I use the expression “con-temporary” to expose its plural meaning that is related to the question of time: something may be con-temporary with something else in terms of synchronous existence (which nota bene implies a relation), and, equally, it may have a temporal characteristic pointing to the present. Online Etymology Dictionary, s. v. “contemporary,” accessed 10 August 2013. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=contemporary. For a brilliant discussion of the “contemporary” in art, see Richard Meyer, What Was Contemporary (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 2013).
7.) Cf. Pip Laurenson, “Authenticity, Change and Loss in the Conservation of Time-Based Media Installations” Tate Papers 6 (2006), accessed December 12, 2011, www.tate.org.uk/download/file/fid/7401; Salvador Muñoz Viñas, Contemporary Theory of Conservation (Oxford: Elsevier, 2005). 3.
8.) For the “social” in conservation, see Miriam Clavir, Preserving What is Valued: Museum, Conservation and First Nations (Vancouver and Toronto: UBC Press, 2002); Miriam Clavir, “Social Contexts for Conservation: Time, Distance, and Voice in Museums and Galleries,” Journal of the Canadian Association for Conservation 34 (2009); Glenn Wharton, “Heritage Conservation as Cultural Work: Public Negotiation of a Pacific Hero” (PhD diss., University College London, 2004).
9.) See, for instance, Laurenson, Muñoz Viñas, Clavir and the recent international initiatives such as the research project New Strategies in the Conservation of Contemporary Art (http://www.newstrategiesinconservation.nl/) and its outcome in several doctoral dissertations that are being written on this subject matter.
10.) Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain: A Novel, trans. John. E. Woods (New York, 1995 (1924)), 339.
11.) Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison, translated by Allan Sheridan (New York and Toronto: Random House, 1995 (1975)).
12.) J. J. A. Mooij, Time and Mind: The History of a Philosophical Problem (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2005), 105.
13.) Bliss Cua Lim, Translating Time: Cinema, the Fantastic, and Temporal Critique (Duke University Press, 2009), 11.
14.) “Re-” word forming element; C. 1200; from Old French and also directly from Latin re- “again, back, against.” Online Etymology Dictionary, s. v. “re-,“ accessed April 24, 2013, http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=re-&allowed_in_frame=0.
15.) Alessandro Conti refers to the story of the Garden of Eden as a wish “to return to a primitive state that is better that the present one.” According to him, rooted in mythology and Western religious tradition, this vision becomes dangerous in restoration when it induces to pass over the ageing of materials and impose the concept of the return to the original at all costs. Alessandro Conti, The History of the Restoration and Conservation of Works of Art, trans. Helen Glanville (London: Elsevier, 2007), 1.
16.) Martin Heidegger, “The Origin of the Work of Art,” Poetry, Language, Thought, trans. Albert Hofstadter (New York: Harper and Low, 1975), 40.
17.) Ibid.
18.) Albert Albano, “Art in Transition,” in Historical and Philosophical Issues in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, eds. Nicholas Stanley Price, M. Kirby Talley Jr. and Alessandra Melucco Vaccaro (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Trust, 1996), 183.
19.) See, for instance, David Lowenthal, “Fabricating Heritage,” History and Memory 10/1 (1998): 5–24.
20.) I have in mind his books Bergsonism and Cinema 1 and 2.
21.) Gilles Deleuze, Bergsonism, transl. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam (New York: Zone Books, 1991 (1966)), 48.
22.) Ibid., 59–60.
23.) Duration, according to Deleuze, is essentially memory, consciousness and freedom. Ibid.
24.) This is also expressed in the illusion of the difference between recollection and perception – the image cannot actualise a recollection without adapting it to the requirements of the present. Deleuze refers to contraction and recollection memory. Deleuze, Bergsonism, 51.
25.) Ibid., 58–59.
26.) “How otherwise could we understand that it passes through distinct and well-marked phases, that it changes its age – in short, that it has a history?” Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution, trans. Arthur Mitchell (Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc, 1998 (1911)), 15. For the Deleuzian view on the virtual past, see Deleuze, Bergsonism, 55. This matter is also discussed in Suzanne Guerlac, Thinking in Time: An Introduction to Henri Bergson (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006), 187–188
27.) According to David Lowenthal, the differentiation of past and present is a rather recent development and can be associated with a chronological time scale. The past as a state of things no longer existing emerged during the Renaissance when the remoteness of ancient Rome and unlikeness of recent medial times became apparent. David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 390.
28.) Much of my thinking here and in the subsequent section is inspired by Bliss Cua Lim and her book entitled Translating Time: Cinema, the Fantastic, and the Temporal Critique. Drawing from Bergson’s (and Deleuze’s) philosophic project, she takes on the discussion of time in relation to fantastic cinema. Cua Lim, Translating Time.
29.) Cesare Brandi, Theory of Restoration, trans. Cynthia Rockwell (Nardini Editore: Florence, 2005), 48. For coherence, I replaced the originally used “restoration” with “conservation.”
30.) Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, 390.
31.) Ibid., 412.