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Contemporary art is the art of today, produced by -artists who are living in the twenty-first century. Contemporary art provides an opportunity to reflect on contemporary society and the issues relevant to ourselves, and the world around us. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and technologically advancing world. Their art is a dynamic combination of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects that challenge traditional boundaries and defy easy definition. Diverse and eclectic, contemporary art as a whole is distinguished by the very lack of a uniform, organizing principle, ideology, or ‘ism.’ Contemporary art is part of a cultural dialogue that concerns larger contextual frameworks such as personal and cultural identity, family, community, and nationality.
Critical Pedagogy
Critical pedagogy is a term that applies to a number of educational perspectives that address the issue of power in teaching and learning. Important contributors to these perspectives include Paulo Freire, bell hooks, and Henry Giroux. Critical pedagogy is best understood not as a single theory, but as a range of possible educational responses to social structures and relations that are unequal or oppressive. The “critical” in critical pedagogy refers to the ability to analyze, expose and challenge the hidden social, cultural and political processes that are a part of knowledge production, including how one’s own views and assumptions come from a particular cultural and historical formation. Critical pedagogy encourages educators to not only be aware of injustices but to take action to transform the practices and structures that perpetuate them. Ultimately, critical pedagogy seeks to provide education that is democratic, emancipatory, and empowering to students.
Critical Theory
Critical theory for us describes an interdisciplinary field of study. It provides a way of understanding institutions, such as the art world and education, in terms of the ideas and knowledge they produce and reproduce in our society, which is characterized by the unequal distribution of power. It involves looking at the ideas that shape cultural practices such as visual art, media, advertising and entertainment. Additionally, critical theory enables the examination of particular facets of these practices, such as the nature of representation, -artistic authority and voice.
Pedagogy
Pedagogy is the whole art of teaching. Our program looks at the ways in which pedagogy can include making decisions about curriculum, how and in whose interest knowledge is produced and passed on, and what instructional methods best serve both the educator’s teaching philosophy and the needs of diverse student populations.
Praxis
Praxis is practice, or action, with the thoughtfulness of reflection. Praxis as an idea emerged from the work of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, who described it as “reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it.”1 It embodies our belief that theory and practice are not binary opposites, but rather complements that work together to further one’s lifelong growth as an artist-educator.
Social Activism
Social activism addresses social, political, cultural, and economic inequities by organizing and connecting individuals with a community-based movement in order to enact social change. While social services address the needs of individuals, social action looks more at the root causes of injustice and tries to find ways to organize communities in an effort to eliminate or overcome those injustices.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text wurde zuerst veröffentlicht auf http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/art/education/definitions.
1.) Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York 1990, p. 36.
]]>Die Lehre
Im Rahmen von sogenannter „partizipativer Kunst“ stellt sich die Frage nach den Voraussetzungen, die der an der Kunst Teilnehmende mitzubringen habe, besonders dringend. Und diese Dringlichkeit findet sich bereits seit dem Barock, schon damals nämlich gab es partizipative künstlerische Artefakte. Diese z. B. in Form von gleichsam poetischen Maschinen, die sich ungefähr so beschreiben lassen: Auf drei übereinanderliegenden unterschiedlich großen, drehbaren Scheiben stehen unterschiedliche Worte für Subjekt, Verb und Objekt geschrieben. Durch das Drehen der Scheiben entstehen dann unterschiedliche Konstellationen dieser Worte, die sich zu grammatisch richtigen, mehr oder weniger sinnvollen Sätzen und Gedichten zusammensetzen lassen. Das Drehen der Scheiben ist allen möglich, so dass die Herstellung des Gedichtes ein offener Prozess ist, an dem Viele teilhaben können. Diese Gedicht-Maschinen5 führen das Schreiben von Poesie also als eine Produktion vor, die kaum an Voraussetzungen geknüpft ist.
Der barocke Dichter Georg Philipp Harsdörfer schreibt dann auch über Dichtung, dass jedes „Hirn … ein Reimgedicht zusammenzubringen sollte lernen können“6. Dieses „Lernen“ kann etwa mit dem „poetischen Trichter“ erfolgen, den Harsdörfer 1648–1653 schrieb, einem schulischen Handbuch, das z. B. grammatische Regeln ebenso erläuterte wie Versmaße und verschiedene Redewendungen dem zukünftigen Dichter vorstellt. „Eintrichtern“ hat hier noch keine negative, weil autoritäre Konnotation, sondern quasi eine basisdemokratische, denn genau dieses „Eintrichtern“ ermöglicht eine ästhetische Arbeit, die nicht nur ausgewählten Spezialisten vorbehalten ist.
Die Vorstellung, dass Kunst lehrbar sei, tritt nicht zufällig im (deutschen) Barock auf den ästhetischen Masterplan7. Bekanntlich entwickelt sich erst in dieser Zeit so etwas wie eine einheitliche deutsche Grammatik. Deutsch wurde so langsam zur „gelehrten Sprache“, die sich zunehmend von der lateinischen emanzipierte. Mit dieser Konstituierung einer gleichsam regelgerechten Sprache einher ging die Konstituierung des Subjekt- und Autorenbegriffes8. Letzteren nämlich hat es im -Barock noch nicht gegeben, Kopie und Übersetzung gelten damals als ebenso wertvoll wie eine „originäre“ Schöpfung. Kurz und knapp formuliert: Eine Sprache, die gerade erst beginnt korrekt beherrschbar zu sein, lässt weder an kunstfertig-geniale Produktionen denken noch an das Vorhandensein (selbstherrlicher) Autoren.
Denken statt Können
Was folgt ist bekannt: Parallel zur Entwicklung des (bürgerlichen) Subjektbegriffes und seiner Orientierung an Kapitalismus kompatiblen Werten wie Leistung und Individualität entwickelt sich auch die Inthronisierung des künstlerischen Genies, das Werke schafft, die sich außerhalb des Kanons allgemeiner Kompetenzen verorten sollen und deren Herstellung angeblich nicht gelernt werden kann. Erst in der Moderne dann wird diese anmaßende Behauptung kritisch zurückgewiesen. Diese Zurückweisung beginnt in der Bildenden Kunst wohl in der Avantgarde-Bewegung Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts, etwa in den bilderstürmerischen Aktionen des Dadaismus oder der Konzeption des legendären „Bauhauses“, die Kunst wieder als lehrbar bedenkt.
Kein Zufall ist es dann auch, dass die moderne Konkrete Poesie, die in vielerlei Hinsicht an den Dadaismus anschließt, sich wieder mit der Poetik des Barock beschäftigt, so hat Gerhard Rühm 1964 Gedichte der „Pegnitz Schäfer“, einer Gruppe, der u. a. Georg Philipp Harsdörfer und Siegmund von Birken angehörten, neu herausgegeben9. Und Karl Gerstner konzipierte in Tradition des „Poetischen Trichters“ sein Buch „Do it yourself Kunst – Brevier für jedermann“. In Kapiteln wie „Aus einem Wort einen Roman schreiben“, „Bild zum Bildmachen“ oder „Mit Bildern schreiben“ erklärt Karl Gerstner dort wie jedermann problemlos zum Künstler werden kann. In dem einleitenden Kapitel „Was ist Kunst“ stellt Gerstner dann auch klar: „seit Marcel Duchamp 1914 einen Flaschentrockner zum Kunstwerk deklariert hat, gibt es eine Version Kunst, die … nichts mehr mit Können zu tun hat“10. Diese Kunst habe deswegen nichts mehr mit Können zu tun, weil sie nicht mehr in erster Linie auf herzustellende Sinnlichkeiten beruht, Gerstner sagt es so: „Kunst ist nicht ein Ereignis, das auf der Retina stattfindet, sagt Marcel Duchamp, sondern im Gehirn dahinter. Das Entscheidende ist nicht das Handeln, sondern das Denken“11.
Play it yourself
Ästhetische Fragen nach der Möglichkeit einer Kunst ohne Kunstfertigkeit waren auch typisch für viele Werke der 1990er Jahre. Besonders in der Kunst des Crossover zwischen High and Low, und dort insbesondere zwischen Kunst und Musik wird immer wieder die Relevanz von handwerklichem Können kritisch reflektiert. Eben dieser Problematik stellt sich damals z. B. der schottische Künstler Dave Allen in seiner Werkgruppe der „Song Paintings/Drawings“ seit 1996. Da steht etwa „For those about to rock“ auf einem der gezeichneten Blätter. Darunter dann ist die von dem Künstler gleichsam „heruntergerechnete“ Notation des gleichnamigen Songs der Heavy-Metall-Band AC/DC aus dem Jahre 1981 zu sehen. Auch simple Griffe hat Dave Allen auf „AC/DC – For those about to rock“12, 1998, gezeichnet. Abschließend ist „G x 6 + A x 6 + Back to Chorus till end“ auf der Zeichnung zu lesen.
Diese Werkgruppe Allens behauptet also nicht nur, dass Kunst erlernbar sei, sie hinterfragt zudem trotzdem das hiermit implizierte pädagogische Moment. Schließlich ist dieses Moment hier auf ein Minimum -reduziert, indem die „Spielanleitung“ durch ihre grobe Vereinfachung auch dem „unmusikalischsten“ Menschen erlaubt, den vorgestellten Song kinderleicht spielend zu interpretieren. „Play it yourself“ heißt also hier das emanzipative, überaus antiautoritäre Motto.
Selbstverständlich steht solch’ Verneinung von künstlerisch ausgefeilter Könnerschaft auch in der Tradition der Punkmusik. Man denke nur an die 1977 in dem britischen Fanzine „Sideburns“ erschienene, inzwischen legendäre Zeichnung mit den Anleitungen für die drei Gitarrenakkord A, E, und G sowie mit der Aufforderung: „Now Form a band“, an die Allen auch formal mit der Gestaltung seiner „Song Paintings/Drawings“ anspielt, die Grenzen von High and Low souverän missachtend.
Doch die Wurzeln dieser Haltung liegen auch, wie bereits ansatzweise ausgeführt, in der Konzept und Fluxus Kunst der 1960er Jahre. So hat z. B. Robert Filliou mit seinem „Prinzip der Äquivalenz“ bereits 1968 erklärt, dass „GUT GEMACHT SCHLECHT GEMACHT NICHT GEMACHT“ gleichwertig seien13.
Aktivismus (aus)üben
Die Lebensumstände auf „unserem“ Globus haben sich im neuen Millennium drastisch verschlechtert: Schuld daran ist vor allem ein Kapitalismus, der jetzt neoliberal und globalisiert in Aktion tritt und dabei die Ausbeutung von Ressourcen und Arbeitskräften rasant „optimiert“. Diverse Finanzkrisen, soziale Unruhen weltweit, ein immer desaströser werdender Umgang mit der Umwelt und, damit zusammenhängend, eine konsequente Weigerung auf die Klimakatastrophe zu reagieren – die Lobbyarbeit der Global Player macht es möglich – sind einige der Folgen dieser katastrophalen Entwicklung. Kein Wunder also, dass Kunst, die im 21. Jahrhundert noch ernst genommen werden kann, eine politische ist. Ein Teil dieser Kunst ist der künstlerische Aktivismus. Prompt sind in den letzten Jahren mehrere Handbücher erschienen, die das Lernen auch dieser Kunst ermöglichen sollen: “Das Guerillakunst-Kit“, 2013, von Keri Smith, das von Florian Malzacher und dem „steirischen herbst“ herausgegebene „Truth is concrete – A handbook for Artistic Strategies in Real Politics“, 2014, und „Beautiful Trouble – Handbuch für eine unwiderstehliche Revolution“, 2014, zusammengestellt von Andrew Boyd und Dave Oswald Mitchell. Gemeinsam ist diesen drei Büchern der Anspruch tatsächlich – im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes – gesellschaftliche Wirklichkeit zu verändern. Wie die bisher von mir vorgestellte Kunst den Primat von „professionellen Künstlern“ im Betriebssystem Kunst nicht akzeptiert, so akzeptieren diese drei Handbücher nicht den Vorrang der „professionellen Politiker“ vor dem „normalen Bürger“. Und diese Handbücher leugnen den Unterschied von Kunst und Politik. Darum stellt z. B. „Beautiful Trouble“ diverse realpolitische Strategien anleitend vor, die ästhetischer Struktur sind. So zeichnen sich die sogenannten „Flashmobs“, also die scheinbar spontanen, aber meist via sozialer Netzwerke organisierten Menschenaufläufen an prekären öffentlichen Orten, durch ihren performativen Charakter aus, politische Graffiti haben ihre Wurzeln eben auch in revolutionären Wandgemälden und eine alternative Medienarbeit im TV, Radio und Internet ist in seinen Ursprüngen erstmals Anfang des letzten Jahrhunderts von Bertolt Brecht kritisch reflektiert und realisiert worden14. Das durch die Handbücher initiierte Üben und engagierte Ausüben solcher Strategien kommt sicher nicht in den Ruf genialer Natur zu sein, dafür löst es den von Marcel Duchamp ins Spiel gebrachte Widerspruch von Denken und Handeln auf – auch dieses macht ihre Qualität aus.
1.) Norbert Elias, Mozart. Frankfurt/M. 1991, S. 106f.
2.) Ebd., S. 107.
3.) Ebd., S. 108.
4.) Ebd., S. 159f.
5.) In Jonathan Swifts Buch „Gullivers Reisen“ (1726) findet sich übrigens im 5. Kapitel des 3. Teiles eine literarische Beschreibung einer solchen.
6.) Georg Philipp Harsdörfer, Der Poetische Trichter, Zuschrift an der Hochlöblichen Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft, Nürnberg 1647, ohne Paginierung, ed. Darmstadt 1969.
7.) Zwei weitere barocke Handbücher für das Lernen von poetischer Sprache: Justus Georg Schottel, Teutsche Vers- oder Reimkunst. Lüneburg 1656; Siegmund von Birken, Teutsche Rede-bind- und Dicht-Kunst. Nürnberg 1679.
8.) Siehe auch: Fotis Jannidis, Gerhard Lauer, Matias Martinez, Simone Winker (Hg.), Texte zur Theorie der Autorenschaft. Stuttgart 2000.
9.) Gerhard Rühm (Hg.), Die Pegnitz Schäfer. Berlin 1964.
10.) Karl Gerstner, Do it yourself Kunst – Brevier für jedermann. Köln 1970, S. 11.
11.) Ebd.
12.) Abbildung auf whtsnxt.net via QR-Code.
13.) Siehe auch: Robert Filliou, Katalog Sprengel Museum Hannover. Hannover 1974, S. 59.
14.) Siehe auch: Bertolt Brecht, Radiotheorie, 1927–1932.
1.) Stuart Hall, „The Work of Representation“, in: Ders. (Hg.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London 1997, S. 1–74.
2.) Paul Mecheril et al., Migrationspädagogik. Weinheim 2010.
3.) Siehe dafür exemplarisch: UNESCO Roadmap for Art Education. Lissabon 2005 und Seoul 2010.
4.) Vgl. u. a. Regina Frey, Marc Gärtner, Manfred Köhnen, Sebastian Scheele, hg. v. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Gender, Wissenschaftlichkeit und Ideologie. Argumente im Streit um Geschlechterverhältnisse, Berlin 2013; Anne Broden, Paul Mecheril (Hg.), Rassismus bildet. Bildungswissenschaftliche Beiträge zu Normalisierung und Subjektivierung in der Migrationsgesellschaft. Bielefeld 2010.
5.) Hier einige Ergebnisse unserer Materialrecherche (Schwerpunkt auf dem deutschsprachigen Raum). Über Hinweise auf weitere Beispiele an -queeringarteducation@email.de freuen wir uns:
Roz Mortimer, „Gender Trouble“ (2003), ein experimenteller Dokumentar- und Schulungsfilm über die komplexen Themen, die über die physiologischen Bedingungen von Intersexualität hinausgehen. www.wonder-dog.co.uk/films/gender-trouble.Imke Schmidt, Ka Schmitz, „Ich sehe was, was du nicht siehst, oder: Wer sieht hier wen?“, ein Comic im Rahmen der Arbeit des GenderKompetenzZentrum, http://gender-queer.de/projekte/comic.html.Anna Schürch, Nora Landkammer, „Raufbrechen – ein Kommentar zum Thema Repräsentationskritik“, Institute for Art Education, Zürcher Hochschule der Künste, http://iae-raufbrechen.zhdk.ch/reprasentation/Bernadett Settele, „QUEER UND DIY IM KUNSTUNTERRICHT“, Art Education Research °3. eJournal des Institute for Art Education der Zürcher Hochschule der Künste, hg. v. Carmen Mörsch, http://iae-journal.zhdk.ch/no-3 [27.9.2014].Elke Zobl et al., „grassroots feminism. Transnational archives, resources and communities, www.grassrootsfeminism.net/cms/node/760; eine sehr umfassende Ressource zu Zines und related activities weltweit.Zur Zeit entstehen didaktische Materialien für Zines Workshops, für die Mädchen- und Jugendarbeit sowie für die Multiplikator_innenfortbildung und die Erwachsenenbildung. Das Material wird zum Februar 2015 veröffentlicht. Fortbildungen/Workshops:
Jessica Aman, Kunst und Queer Empowerment (3.–8.6.2013), Fortbildung bei TRIQ e.V. Berlin, www.transinterqueer.org/aktuell/queer-empowerment-by-art
Büro trafo.k, flic flac. Feministische, transdisziplinäre Workshops für die Berufsschule, www.trafo-k.at/projekte/flicflac-workshops.Emma Haugh, READING TROUPE, www.emmahaugh.com [27.9.2014]; workshops, seit 2013Josch Hoenes, Nanna Lüth, „‚Queering the Wild Sky‘, auf der Suche nach queeren Lesarten der Ausstellung ‚Wild Sky‘“ (27.5.–14.8. 2011), Edith-Russ-Haus für Medienkunst, Oldenburg, www.edith-russ-haus.de/kunstvermittlung/kunstvermittlung/archiv.html.Evan Ifekoya, Raju Rage, „(E)merging identity and creative practice“, Talk & Workshop im Rahmen der Ausstellung „What is Queer Today is Not Queer Tomorrow“, nGbK Berlin (13.6.–10.8.14), www.heidyngbk.blogspot.de.Nanna Lüth, „Papa, ich bin schwul / Deutschland braucht mehr Ausländer“, Rundgang/Workshop/Aktion zur 7. Internationalen Foto-Triennale Esslingen (2007), www.nannalueth.de/papaichbinschwul-doku.html,
Ulrich Schötker, Michael Wilhelm, „Schmutzig und Stinkend“, Workshops für Kinder und Jugendliche im Rahmen des Programms aushecken der documenta 12 Kunstvermittlung (2007), www.documenta11.de/index.php?id=1152.
Wiebke Trunk, Reet Varblane, „The Personal is Political. Hannah Höch and the interpretation of her art“, Workshop zur Ausstellung in der Kunstihoone in Tallinn, Estland, September 2010, www.wiebketrunk.de/kunstvermittlung_workshops.htm Außerdem finden auf Trans- und Inter*tagungen oder LaD.I.Y.-Festen regelmäßig verschiedene Workshops für Tanz, Chorsingen, Zine- oder Comicproduktion statt.
6.) Vgl. www.jeanulrickdesert.com/content/die-hosen-runter-lassen [4.1.2014], verfügbar auch via QR-Code am Ende des Textes.
7.) Vgl. www.wewhofeeldifferently.info [4.1.2014]
8.) Abkürzung für „Lesbian-Gay-Bi-Trans*-Inter*-Queer-Questioning“
9.) Vgl. www.karinmichalski.de [4.1.2014], verfügbar via QR-Code.
10.) Vgl. www.sookee.de/material/sehen [4.1.2014], verfügbar via QR-Code.
11.) Vgl. http://katebornstein.typepad.com [4.1.2014], verfügbar via QR-Code.
12.) Vgl. Judith Butler, Undoing Gender. London 2004.
13.) Vgl. www.abject.de/portfolio/labor-dr-____-trans_homo [4.1.2014], verfügbar via QR-Code.
14.) Broden/Mecheril 2010, a. a. O., S. 17.
1.) In Hamburg fand unter Begriff der „Intervention“ 2011 und 2012 eine Symposiumsreihe statt, die u. a. von Friedrich von Borries geleitet wurde. Die Tagung im Juni 2011 wurde besonders kontrovers diskutiert, da Interventionen in Politik und Militär innerhalb eines Veranstaltungsformates mit dem Titel „Die Kunst der Intervention“ verhandelt wurden. Vgl. etwa die Programmankündigung: www.hfbk-hamburg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/diverse/HFBK_Designsymposium_Intervention.pdf [25.7.2014]
2.) Diese Thematik wurde im ersten Band u. a. von Markus Miessen mit Verweis auf Claire Bishop problematisiert. Markus Miessen, Bettina Steinbrügge, „Plädoyer für eine konflikthafte Wirklichkeit“, in: Johannes M. Hedinger, Torsten Meyer (Hg.), What’s Next? Kunst nach der Krise, Berlin 2013, S. 387–392, hier S. 387.
3.) Ich danke Prof. Dr. Andrea Sabisch und Prof. Dr. Karl-Josef Pazzini für ihre Unterstützung (auch) bei der „Entsicherung“ meiner eigenen Vorstellungen über Partizipation.
4.) Stella Rollig, Eva Sturm (Hg.), Dürfen die das? Kunst als sozialer Raum. Wien 2002.
5.) Vgl. u. a. Sönke Ahrens, Michael Wimmer, „Partizipation. Versprechen. Probleme. Paradoxien“, in: Andreas Brenne, Andrea Sabisch, Ansgar Schnurr (Hg.), Kunst Pädagogik Partizipation. Buch 02. revisit. Kunstpädagogische Handlungsfelder, München 2012, S. 19–39.
6.) Markus Miessen, „Albtraum Partizipation“, in: Hedinger/Meyer 2013, a. a. O., S. 384–387, hier S. 384.
Durch Verweise (u. a.) auf notwendige Konflikte wird die von Miessen in Betracht gezogene kuratorische Entscheidungsgewalt m. E. wieder besänftigt.
7.) Um den unscharfen Partizipationsbegriff zu definieren und unterschiedliche Formen der Beteiligung zu unterscheiden, entwickelt Arnstein 1969 die „ladder of citizen participation“, ein Modell, das auch in der politischen Bildung vielfach rezipiert wurde. Eine Übertragung dieses Maßstabes auf künstlerische Arbeiten würde m. E. die Potenziale der Werke verfehlen. Vgl. etwa Stefan Schnurr, „Partizipation“, in: Hans-Uwe Otto, Hans Thiersch (Hg.), Handbuch Sozialarbeit / Sozialpädagogik, Neuwied 2001, S. 1336f.
8.) Vgl. etwa Sandra Umathum, „Einleitung. Ästhetische Erfahrung in der Aktion“, in: Erika Fischer-Lichte, Robert Sollich, Sandra Umathum, Matthias Warstat (Hg.), Auf der Schwelle – Kunst, Risiken und Nebenwirkungen, München 2006, S. 13–20, hier S. 14.
9.) Vgl. etwa Jacques Rancière, Der emanzipierte Zuschauer. Wien 2009, S. 22–23.
10.) Im Folgenden nutze ich die Bezeichnung „Andere“, um die Alterität, die Anderheit des Anderen hervorzuheben und auf Prozesse der Einordnung aufmerksam zu machen, die das Fremde eliminieren. Ich verwende die Formulierung größtenteils, um auf Bestimmungen über „Kinder und Jugendliche“ hinzuweisen. Sie kann aber auch für „die Projektverantwortlichen“ stehen, um meine Perspektive als Forscherin auf diese Zielgruppe einzubeziehen.
11.) Abgrenzungstendenzen vom „Pädagogischen“, wie sie auch im Rahmen meiner Untersuchungsergebnisse relevant werden, können m. E. vielmehr danach befragen werden, welche Vorstellungen diesen scheinbaren Bedürfnissen zugrunde liegen und auf diese Weise zur Reflexion der eigenen Tätigkeit beitragen.
12.) Im Rahmen eines kontrastiven Fallvergleichs untersuche ich Projekte von Seraphina Lenz (Berlin), Silke Riechert (Berlin) und die „Schule der Schlumper“ (Hamburg), die von Johannes Seebass betreut wird.
13.) Ich arbeite mit der dokumentarischen Methode nach Ralf Bohnsack, die ich in meiner Untersuchung modifiziert habe.
14.) Vgl. etwa Sigrid Schade, Silke Wenk, Studien zur visuellen Kultur. Einführung in ein transdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld. Bielefeld 2011.
15.) Vgl. etwa Judith Miggelbrink, Antje Schlottmann, „Diskurstheoretisch orientierte Analyse von Bildern“, in: Georg Glasze, Annika Mattissek (Hg.), Handbuch Diskurs und Raum. Theorien und Methoden für die Humangeographie sowie die sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Raumforschung, Bielefeld 2009, S. 181–198.
16.) Vgl. etwa Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Das Sichtbare und das Unsichtbare. München 1986.
17.) Ebd., S. 173.
18.) Pierre Bourdieu, „Strukturalismus und soziale Wissenschaftstheorie“, in: Ders., Soziologie der symbolischen Form, Frankfurt/M. 1970, S. 7–41.
19.) Jacques Lacan, Die vier Grundbegriffe der Psychoanalyse. Seminar Xl. Weinheim, Berlin 1987.
20.) Michael Wimmer, „Wie dem Anderen gerecht werden? Herausforderungen für Denken, Wissen und Handeln“, in: Alfred Schäfer (Hg.), Kindliche Fremdheit und pädagogische Gerechtigkeit, Paderborn 2007, S.155–184; vgl. auch Karl-Josef Pazzini, Sehnsucht der Berührung und Aggressivität des Blicks. Kunstpädagogische Positionen, Band 24, Hamburg 2012, S. 13.
The political as antagonism
The point of departure of the theoretical reflections that I will propose in this piece is the difficulty that we currently have for envisaging the problems facing our societies in a political way. Contrary to what neo-liberal ideologists would like us to believe, political questions are not mere technical issues to be solved by experts. Properly political questions always involve decisions which require us to make a choice between conflicting alternatives. This incapacity to think politically, is to a great extent due to the uncontested hegemony of liberalism. “Liberalism”, in the way I use the term in the present context, refers to a philosophical discourse with many variants, united not by a common essence but by a multiplicity of what Wittgenstein calls “family resemblances”. There are to be sure many liberalisms, some more progressive than others but, save a few exceptions, the dominant tendency in liberal thought is characterized by a rationalist and individualist approach which is unable to grasp adequately the pluralistic nature of the social world, with the conflicts that pluralism entails; conflicts for which no rational solution could ever exist, hence the dimension of antagonism that characterizes human societies. The typical liberal understanding of pluralism is that we live in a world in which there are indeed many perspectives and values and that, due to empirical limitations, we will never be able to adopt them all, but that, when put together, they constitute an harmonious ensemble. This is why this type of liberalism must negate the political in its antagonistic dimension. Indeed, one of the main tenets of this liberalism is the rationalist belief in the availability of a universal consensus based on reason. No wonder that the political constitutes its blind spot. Liberalism has to negate antagonism since, by bringing to the fore the inescapable moment of decision – in the strong sense of having to decide in an undecidable terrain – antagonism reveals the very limit of any rational consensus.
Politics as Hegemony
Next to antagonism, the concept of hegemony is, in my approach, the other key notion for addressing the question of “the political”. To acknowledge the dimension of the political as the ever present possibility of antagonism requires coming to terms with the lack of a final ground and the undecidability which pervades every order. It requires in other words recognizing the hegemonic nature of every kind of social order and the fact that every society is the product of a series of practices attempting at establishing order in a context of contingency. The political is linked to the acts of hegemonic institution. It is in this sense that one has to differentiate the social from the political. The social is the realm of sedimented practices, that is, practices that conceal the originary acts of their contingent political institution and which are taken for granted, as if they were self-grounded. Sedimented social practices are a constitutive part of any possible society; not all social bonds are put into question at the same time. The social and the political have thus the status of what Heidegger called existentials, i. e. necessary dimensions of any societal life. If the political – understood in its hegemonic sense – involves the visibility of the acts of social institution, it is impossible to determine a priori what is social and what is political independently of any contextual reference. Society is not to be seen as the unfolding of a logic exterior to itself, whatever the source of this logic could be: forces of production, development of the Spirit, laws of history, etc. Every order is the temporary and precarious articulation of contingent practices. The frontier between the social and the political is essentially unstable and requires constant displacements and renegotiations between social agents. Things could always be otherwise and therefore every order is predicated on the exclusion of other possibilities. It is in that sense that it can be called “political” since it is the expression of a particular structure of power relations. Power is constitutive of the social because the social could not exist without the power relations through which it is given shape. What is at a given moment considered as the “natural” order – jointly with the “common sense” which accompanies it – is the result of sedimented hegemonic practices; it is never the manifestation of a deeper objectivity exterior to the practices that bring it into being.
Every order is therefore political and based on some form of exclusion. There are always other possibilities that have been repressed and that can be reactivated. The articulatory practices through which a certain order is established and the meaning of social institutions is fixed are “hegemonic practices”. Every hege-monic order is susceptible of being challenged by counter-hegemonic practices, i. e. practices which will attempt to disarticulate the existing order so as to install another form of hegemony.
What is at stake in what I call the “agonistic” struggle,4 which I see as the core of a vibrant democracy, is the very configuration of power relations around which a given society is structured. It is a struggle between opposing hegemonic projects which can never be reconciled rationally. An agonistic conception of democracy acknowledges the contingent character of the hege-monic politico-economic articulations which determine the specific configuration of a society at a given moment. They are precarious and pragmatic constructions which can be disarticulated and transformed as a result of the agonistic struggle among the adversaries. Contrary to the various liberal models, the agonistic approach that I am advocating recognizes that society is always politically instituted and never forgets that the terrain in which hegemonic interventions take place is always the outcome of previous hegemonic practices and that it is never an neutral one. This is why it denies the possibility of a non-adversarial democratic politics and criticizes those who, by ignoring the dimension of “the political”, reduce politics to a set of supposedly technical moves and neutral procedures.
The Public Space
What are the consequences of the agonistic model of democratic politics that I have just delineated for visualizing the public space? The most important consequence is that it challenges the widespread conception that, albeit in different ways, informs most visions of the public space conceived as the terrain where consensus can emerge. For the agonistic model, on the contrary, the public space is the battleground where different hegemonic projects are confronted, without any possibility of final reconciliation. I have spoken so far of the public space, but I need to specify straight away that, we are not dealing here with one single space. According to the agonistic approach, public spaces are always plural and the agonistic confrontation takes place in a multiplicity of discursive surfaces. I also want to insist on a second important point. While there is no underlying principle of unity, no predetermined centre to this diversity of spaces, there always exist diverse forms of articulation among them and we are not faced with the kind of dispersion envisaged by some postmodernist thinkers. Nor are we dealing with the kind of “smooth” space found in Deleuze and his followers. Public spaces are always striated and hegemonically structured. A given hegemony results from a specific articulation of a diversity of spaces and this means that the hegemonic struggle also consist in the attempt to create a different form of articulation among public spaces.
My approach is therefore clearly very different from the one defended by Jürgen Habermas, who when he envisages the political public space (which he calls the “public sphere”) presents it as the place where deliberation aiming at a rational consensus takes place. To be sure Habermas now accepts that it is improbable, given the limitations of social life, that such a consensus could effectively be reached and he sees his ideal situation of communication as a “regulative idea”. However, according to the perspective that I am advocating, the impediments to the Habermasian ideal speech situation are not empirical but ontological and the rational consensus that he presents as a regulative idea is in fact a conceptual impossibility. Indeed it would require the availability of a consensus without exclusion which is precisely what the agonistic approach reveals to be impossible.
I also want to indicate that, despite the similar terminology, my conception of the agonistic public space also differs from the one of Hannah Arendt which has become so popular recently. In my view the main problem with the Arendtian understanding of “agonism”, is that to put it in a nutshell, it is an “agonism without antagonism”. What I mean is that, while Arendt puts great emphasis on human plurality and insists that politics deals with the community and reciprocity of human beings which are different, she never acknowledges that this plurality is at the origin of antagonistic conflicts. According to Arendt, to think politically is to develop the ability to see things from a multiplicity of perspectives. As her reference to Kant and his idea of “enlarged thought” testifies her pluralism is not fundamentally different from the liberal one because it is inscribed in the horizon of an intersubjective agreement. Indeed what she looks for in Kant’s doctrine of the aesthetic judgment is a procedure for ascertaining intersubjective agreement in the public space. Despite significant differences between their respective approaches, Arendt, like Habermas, ends up envisaging the public space in a consensual way. To be sure, as Linda Zerilli has pointed out,5 in her case the consensus results from the exchange of voices and opinions (in the greek sense of doxa) not from a rational “Diskurs” like in Habermas. While for Habermas consensus emerges through what Kant calls “disputieren”, an exchange of arguments constrained by logical rules, for Arendt is a question of “streiten”, where agreement is produced through persuasion, not irrefutable proofs. However neither of them is able to acknowledge the hegemonic nature of every form of consensus and the ineradicability of antagonism, the moment of “Widerstreit”, what Lyotard refers to as “the differend”. It is symptomatic that, despites finding their inspiration in different aspects of Kant’s philosophy, both Arendt and Habermas privilege the aspect of the beautiful in Kant’s aesthetic and ignore his reflection on the sublime. This is no doubt related to their avoidance of “the differend”.
Critical artistic practices and hegemony
What kind of link can we establish between this theoretical discussion and the field of artistic practices? Before addressing this question I want to stress that I do not see the relation between art and politics in terms of two separately constituted fields, art on one side and politics on the other, between which a relation would need to be established. There is an aesthetic dimension in the political and there is a political dimension in art. This is why I consider that it is not useful to make a distinction between political and non-political art. From the point of view of the theory of hegemony, artistic practices play a role in the constitution and maintenance of a given symbolic order or in its challenging and this is why they necessarily have a political dimension. The political, for its part, concerns the symbolic ordering of social relations, what Claude Lefort calls “the mise en scène”, “the mise en forme” of human coexistence and this is where lies its aesthetic dimension.
The real issue concerns the possible forms of critical art, the different ways in which artistic practices can contribute to questioning the dominant hegemony. Once we accept that identities are never pre-given but that they are always the result of processes of identification, that they are discursively constructed, the question that arises is the type of identity that critical artistic practices should aim at fostering. Clearly those who advocate the creation of agonistic public spaces, where the objective is to unveil all that is repressed by the dominant consensus are going to envisage the relation between artistic practices and their public in a very different way than those whose objective is the creation of consensus, even if this consensus is seen as a critical one. According to the agonistic approach, critical art is art that foments dissensus, that makes visible what the dominant consensus tends to obscure and obliterate. It is constituted by a manifold of artistic practices aiming at giving a voice to all those who are silenced within the framework of the existing hegemony.
In my view this agonistic approach is particularly suited to grasp the nature of the new forms of artistic activism that have emerged recently and that, in a great variety of ways, aim at challenging the existing consensus. Those artistico-activist practices are of very different types, from a variety of new urban struggles like “Reclaim the streets” in Britain or the “Tute Bianche” in Italy to the “Stop advertising” campaigns in France and the “Nike Ground-Rethinking Space” in Austria. We can find another example in the strategy of “identity correction” of the Yes Men who appearing under different identities – for instance as representatives of the World Trade Organization develop a very effective satire of neo-liberal ideology.6 Their aim is to target institutions fostering neo-liberalism at the expense of people’s well-being and to assume their identities in order to offer correctives. For instance the following text appeared in 1999 in a parody of the WTO website: “The World Trade Organization is a giant international bureaucracy whose goal is to help businesses by enforcing ‘free trade’: the freedom of transnationals to do business however they see fit. The WTO places this freedom above all other freedoms, including the freedom to eat, drink water, not eat certain things, treat the sick, protect the environment, grow your own crops, organize a trade union, maintain social services, govern, have a foreign policy. All those freedoms are under attack by huge corporations working under the veil of free trade, that mysterious right that we are told must trump all others.”7 Some people mistook this false website for the real one and the Yes Men even managed to appear as WTO representatives in several international conferences where one of their satirical interventions consisted for instance in proposing a telematic worker-surveillance device in the shape of a yard-long golden phallus.
I submit that to grasp the political character of those varieties of artistic activism we need to see them as counter-hegemonic interventions whose objective is to occupy the public space in order to disrupt the smooth image that corporate capitalism is trying to spread, bringing to the fore its repressive character. Acknowledging the political dimension of such interventions supposes relinquishing the idea that to be political requires making a total break with the existing state of affairs in order to create something absolutely new. Today artists cannot pretend any more to constitute an avant-garde offering a radical critique, but this is not a reason to proclaim that their political role has ended. They still can play an important role in the hegemonic struggle by subverting the dominant hegemony and by contributing to the construction of new subjectivities. In fact this has always been their role and it is only the modernist illusion of the privileged position of the artist that has made us believe otherwise. Once this illusion is abandoned, jointly with the revolutionary conception of politics accompanying it, we can see that critical artistic practices represent an important dimension of democratic politics. This does not mean, though, as some seem to believe, that they could alone realize the transformations needed for the establishment of a new hegemony. As we argued in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy8 a radical democratic politics calls for the articulation of different levels of struggles so as to create a chain of equivalence among them. For the “war of position” to be successful, linkage with traditional forms of political intervention like parties and trade-unions cannot be avoided. It would be a serious mistake to believe that artistic activism could, on its own, bring about the end of neo-liberal hegemony.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien zuerst in: Art&Research: A Journal of Ideas Contexts and Methods, 1 (2), 2007, www.artandresearch.org.uk/v1n2/mouffe.html [18.10.2014].
1.) Luc Boltanski, Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism. London 2005.
2.) Interview with André Gorz, Multitudes, 15, 2004, p. 209.
3.) Brian Holmes, “Artistic Autonomy”, www.u-tangente.org.
4.) For a development of this “agonistic” approach, see Chantal Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox. London 2000, chapter 4.
5.) Linda Zerilli, Feminism and the Abyss of Freedom. Chicago 2005, chapter 4.
6.) See for instance their book “The Yes Men. The True Story of the End of the World Trade Organization” published by The Disinformation Company Ltd, 2004
7.) The Yes Men Group website, www.theyesmen.org [29.9.2014]
8.) Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London 1985, 2nd edition 2001.
Materials, Equipment, and Spaces
– The city, public space including public buildings, -fixtures
– Digital camera or cell phone with camera
– Weather-appropriate clothing (a large part of the -seminar takes place outside)
– Computer access / Internet access
Instructions
Part 1 (Pre-Production)
1. Read the Urban Interventions Manifesto and discuss its content with your fellow students and lecturers.
2. Go into the city and find an example for all seven groups (point 5 of the Urban Interventions Manifesto). Take pictures of each example with your camera or cell phone and bring these back to the seminar room.
3. Share and comment on your photos.
Part 2 (Production)
Go alone or with a small group into the city and create your own Urban Intervention.
The theme and message, location, medium and technique are open to you or your group. Your work can be guided by a specific location, theme or technique.
Explore public spaces and actively re-shape them. Interact with the city, the public and your audience. Let others take part in your Urban Intervention and observe their reaction.
Part 3 (Post-Production)
1. Try to place your Urban Intervention into one of the seven Urban Interventions categories (see Manifesto point 5) and ask yourself the following questions: What is the theme of my Urban Intervention? What is its statement and message? What goal/purpose does it have? Who is my target audience?
2. Document your Urban Intervention via photo, video and text.
Show your Urban Intervention to your fellow students, either live in the city or as a documentary and discuss its effects together.
Urban Interventions Manifesto
1. Today, everything can be art and art can occur everywhere – even in increasingly urbanized public space.
2. You no longer need a studio to produce art; the city is your lab and the streets your canvas, gallery, stage and club. Here you will discover your audience, your partner and accomplices.
3. Today, art can be made out of any materials, media or situations; the city provides you with what you need for free. Play with it, transform it and create your own Urban Intervention. At the same time, be aware of the law and respect the environment. Strive for the synergetic and sustainable co-existence of your interaction/creation with the city and its inhabitants.
4. Urban Interventions is a collective term for creative interventions within a city. It is the interaction of art, performance, installation, architecture and activism. The frequently anonymous works challenge the viewer and passers-by to explore their environment, to experience it in a new way and to interact with their surroundings. Urban Interventions are usually temporary, can change or disappear. Urban Interventions are often not recognized as what they actually are. Urban Interventions partially refer to the planning, use and commercialization of public space and partially make what is public to a very private experience.
5. Urban Interventions can be divided into seven groups:
URBAN CANVAS (graffiti, signs, markings, buildings, lights, etc.)
ATTACHMENTS (creative additions, parasitic take-overs)
PUBLIC PRIVACY (mixture of interior and exterior)
PUBLIC STAGE (performances in public spaces, flash mobs, etc.)
LOCALIZED (design of specific locations, site and context bonus)
ADVERTIZED (ad-busting, brand-hacking, etc.)
NATURALIZED (guerrilla gardening, snow, sand, etc.)
In a playful and experimental manner, the praxis module Urban Interventions brings students closer to transformed presentation and communication formats, an expanded definition of art, new exhibition venues, and the changed reception of contemporary art.
Find examples of Urban Interventions:
www.urbaninterventions.net
Wiederabdruck
Der vorliegende Text ist die gekürzte Version des gleichnamigen Textes. Zuerst hier veröffentlicht: http://lost.jeffjaws.com.
1.) Petra Löffler interviewed by Geert Lovink at NECSUS, 2013 via www.necsus-ejms.org/the-aesthetics-of-dispersed-attention-an-interview-with-german-media-theorist-petra-loffler [12/27/2014]
2.) Roy Ascott, Telematic Embrace. Berkeley, 2003, p. 320.
3.) Donna Haraway, “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century”, in: Idem, Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, New York 1991, p. 150.
4.) Pliny the Elder as cited in: Hans Ulrich Obrist, “UNREALIZED ART PROJECTS. The Potential of the Incomplete Idea”, in: Christian Gether, Utopia & Contemporary Art, Ostfildern 2012, p. 80.
5.) Claire Bishop, Artificial Hells: participatory art and the politics of spectatorship. London 2012, p. 27.
6.) Jacques Rancière, “Problems and Transformations in Critical Art”, in: Idem, Malaise dans l’esthétique, ed. and trans. Claire Bishop, London/Cambridge, MA, 2006, p. 83ff.
7.) Rachel Weiss, The Body of the Collective, in: Gether 2012, op. cit., p. 139 ff.
8.) Theaster Gates in: Cathy Lebowitz, “Sensibility of our Times Revisited”, in: Art in America, 2012 www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/magazine/sensibility-of-the-times-revisited [10/3/2014]
9.) Ibid.
10.) Metahaven, Black Transparency, s. l. 2013, vimeo.com/80041817; script via http://pastebin.com/UMNv2EXf [10/3/2014]
11.) Felix Stalder, Digital Solidarity. London, 2013, p. 16.
12.) Ned Rossiter, Soehnke Zehle, Privacy is Theft. On Anonymus Experiences, Infrastructural Politics and Accidental Encounters, s. l. 2013, http://nedrossiter.org/?p=374 [10/3/2014]
13.) Roy Ascott, Telematic Embrace: Visionary Theories of Art, Technology, and Consciousness. Berkeley a. o. 2007, p. 333.
14.) Stalder 2013, p. 24ff.
15.) Rossiter/Zehle 2013.
16.) Theaster Gates in Lebowitz 2012.
17.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)
18.) Graham Harman, “The revenge of the surface: Heidegger, McLuhan, Greenberg”, Paletten 291/292, 2013, pp. 66–73, https://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/3640 [10/3/2014]
19.) James Birdle, Under the Shadow of the Drone, s. l. 2012, http://booktwo.org/notebook/drone-shadows/ [10/3/2014]
20.) Jacques Rancière, The Emancipated Spectator. London 2009, p. 10ff.
21.) Ibid.
22.) Ibid.
23.) Stalder 2013, p. 57.
24.) Ibid., p. 31ff.
25.) Jaron Lanier in: Maximilian Probst, „Nutzer, profitiert vom Netz!“, Die Zeit, 8, 2014, www.zeit.de/2014/08/jaron-lanier [10/3/2014]
26.) Federico Campagna, Hiding From The Gods: on Emancipation and the Public, Dec 7, 2012, http://th-rough.eu/writers/campagna-eng/hiding-gods-emancipation-and-public [10/3/2014]
27.) Ibid.
28.) Ibid.
29.) Ibid.
30.) Chus Martínez, “Unexpress the Expressible”, in: Gether 2012, op. cit., p. 11.
31.) Kathrin Busch, “Artistic Research and the Poetics of Knowledge”, AS – Visual Culture Quarterly, 179, 2007.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien anlässlich der Publikation „Forget Fear“ der 7. Berlin Biennale für zeitgenössische Kunst (27. April – 1. Juli 2012), hrsg. von ArturZmijewski und Joanna Warsza, Köln 2012, S. 38–39.
Wiederabdruck
Dieser Text erschien zuerst in Zinggl, Wolfgang (Hrsg): WochenKlausur. Gesellschaftspolitischer Aktivismus in der Kunst. Springer, New York, 2001.
Contemporary Art
– Contemporary art is a spit into the face of normal people.
– Contemporary art insults our dignity and perverts juveniles.
– Contemporary art is an idiotic company of dishonest fanatics with a weird ideology.Contemporary art is a wild porno for wretched freaks.Contemporary art is a gathering of pederasts and lesbians!Contemporary art is a vomitive fuck.Contemporary art is a shit-eating!Contemporary art destroys morality, evolutional potential of humanity, destroys chastity and family, and mankind.
– Contemporary art is a dick without head. The dick of contemporary art means nothing in compare with the dick of Michelangelo’s David. It is no more than weak attempts.Contemporary art is a cheap stuff. Fake and bullshit. It’s incredible that people still react to this kind of miserable experiment.
Contemporary Artist
– Contemporary artists are a sensual mould, which eats up and smacks social reality.
– Contemporary artists are mutants, a batch of moral monsters and degenerates.
– Contemporary artists are stupid whores and brainless morons!Contemporary artists are cattle and brutes.Contemporary artists are pig-fuckers!Contemporary artists spoiled everything! Museums, temples, icons, belief, people’s dignity and moral. The only thing contemporary artist is able to do is to defecate in the museum. I’m sick of such art.
– Contemporary artists are idiots, schizophrenics, hysteric men and deviant persons. They are to be kept in mental hospital.
– Contemporary artists are a batch of idiots and block-heads, who spoil the reputation of the country.
– Contemporary artists are enemies. They took away bright dream from everybody. They doomed the whole nation to slavery. I’d like to send them to mines. Contemporary artists are the shit of the nation!Contemporary artists are fucking freaks. I’d like to burn them in the blast furnaces or crush them with a heavy caterpillar tractor. We have way too many fucking premature bustards! Morons are now to be called artists. Eat shit! You better kill yourselves in full view of everybody. It will be more useful.
– Shoot all contemporary artists. Only then the motherland will gain peace and order. If it won’t help, the procedure should be repeated.
Goals and objectives of the Art-Group Voina
1. Creation of innovative topical media-art-language, which is producing for pure art, but not for a money. It is mean language, which is adequate for today’s cultural and socio-political context, which is can show actual of the new epoch. Creating of real left front of art in Russia in traditions of futurism and DADA, which is radically shift all ideological poles by the facts of its being. Rebirth of political protest art all over the world.
2. Creation of political street-art in Russia in the best traditions of absurdity and sarcasm, of carnival middle-age art. Creation of image of artist as romantic hero, who prevail over the evil in today’s soulless commercial conceptual art. Rebirth of lively expressive art, which is sincere and honest and provoking observers’ deep emotional experience.
3. War with “werewolves in straps“ for the freedom of contemporary art. War with socio-political obscurantism and ultra-right reaction. Subversion and destruction of outdated repressive-patriarchal socio-political symbols and ideologies.
The author of the Voina Group manifesto – A. Plutser-Sarno, group ideologist and chief media artist
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