Bürokratisierung – what's next?

Manifest

admin — Thu, 12 Sep 2013 12:42:46 +0000

Eine neue, durch den vorhandenen Rahmen nicht zu bezwingende menschliche Kraft wird mit der unaufhaltbaren technischen Entwicklung und dem Unbefriedigtsein gegenüber ihren möglichen Anwendungen in unserem jeden Sinnes beraubten gesellschaftlichen Leben jeden Tag größer.
Die gesellschaftliche Entfremdung und Unterdrückung kann unmöglich gestaltet werden, in keiner ihrer Varianten – sie kann nur en bloc mit dieser Gesellschaft selbst zurückgewiesen werden. Jeder wirkliche Fortschritt hängt selbstverständlich von der revolutionären Lösung der vielgestaltigen Krise der Gegenwart ab.
Welches sind die Perspektiven einer Organisation des Lebens in einer Gesellschaft, die „die Produktion auf der Grundlage freier und gleicher Assoziationen der Produzenten“ authentisch „neu gruppiert“? Die Automatisierung der Produktion und die Vergesellschaftung der lebenswichtigen Güter werden die Arbeit als äußere Notwendigkeit immer mehr beschränken und dem Individuum endlich die volle Freiheit geben. Der so von jeder ökonomischen Verantwortung, von jeder Schuld und Straffälligkeit der Vergangenheit und den Anderen gegenüber befreite Mensch wird über einen neuen Mehrwert verfügen, der nicht mit Geld berechnet werden kann, da er sich unmöglich auf das Maß der Lohnarbeit reduzieren lässt – den Wert des Spieles, des frei konstruierten Lebens. Die Ausübung dieser spielerischen Schöpfung ist die Garantie der Freiheit eines jeden und aller im Rahmen der einzigen durch die Nicht-Ausbeutung des Menschen durch den Menschen garantierten Gleichheit. Die Befreiung des Spiels ist seine schöpferische Autonomie, die über die alte Trennung zwischen aufgezwungener Arbeit und passiver Freizeit hinausgeht.
Früher hat die Kirche die angeblichen Zauberer verbrannt, um die primitiven Tendenzen zum Spiel zu unterdrücken, die sich in den Volksfeten aufrechterhalten hatten. In der jetzt herrschenden Gesellschaft, die massiv trostlose Pseudospiele der Nichtbeteiligung erzeugt, wird eine echte künstlerische Tätigkeit zwangsläufig als kriminell eingestuft. Sie ist halb geheim. Sie tritt als Skandal hervor.
Was ist die Situation? Sie ist die Verwirklichung eines höheren Spiels oder genauer gesagt die Aufforderung zum Spiel der menschlichen Anwesenheit. Die revolutionären Spieler aller Länder können sich innerhalb der S.I. vereinigen, um damit anzufangen, aus der Vorgeschichte des alltäglichen Lebens hinauszukommen.
Jetzt schon schlagen wir die autonome Organisation der Produzenten der neuen Kultur vor, unabhängig von den zur Zeit vorhandenen politischen und gewerkschaftlichen Organisationen, denen wir die Fähigkeit absprechen, etwas anderes als die Einrichtung des Bestehenden zu organisieren. In dem Augenblick, wo diese Organisation aus ihrem experimentellen Anfangsstadium hinausgeht und ihre erste öffentliche Kampagne starten will, setzen wir ihr die Besetzung der UNESCO als dringlichstes Ziel. Die auf Weltebene vereinheitlichte Bürokratisierung der Kunst und der gesamten Kultur ist ein neues Phänomen, das die tiefe Verwandtschaft der auf der Welt koexistierenden sozialen Systeme auf der Grundlage der eklektischen Aufbewahrung und der Reproduktion der Vergangenheit ausdrückt. Diesen neuen Bedingungen müssen die revolutionären Künstler durch eine Aktion neuen Typs entgegentreten. Da das Vorhandensein dieser konzentrierten und in einem einzigen Gebäude lokalisierten Führung der Kultur die Beschlagnahme durch einen PUTSCH begünstigt; da diese Einrichtung außerdem gar keinen anderen sinnvollen Gebrauch als unsere subversive Perspektive haben kann, halten wir uns unseren Zeitgenossen gegenüber für berechtigt, uns dieses Apparats zu bemächtigen. Und wir werden ihn bekommen. Wir sind entschlossen, von der UNESCO Besitz zu ergreifen, und wenn es nur für eine kurze Zeit sein sollte, da wir sicher sind, dort schnell ein Werk zu verrichten, das als bedeutungsvollstes Zeichen zur Erhellung einer langen Periode von Forderungen bleiben wird.
Welches sollen die Hauptkennzeichen der neuen Kultur sein – zunächst im Vergleich zur alten Kunst?
Gegen das Spektakel führt die verwirklichte situationistische Kultur die totale Beteiligung ein.
Gegen die konservierte Kunst ist sie eine Organisation des erlebten Augenblicks – ganz direkt.
Gegen die parzellierte Kunst wird sie eine globale, alle verwendbaren Elemente gleichzeitig umfassende Praxis sein. Sie strebt natürlich eine kollektive und zweifellos anonyme Produktion an (wenigstens insofern diese Kultur nicht durch das Bedürfnis, Spuren zu hinterlassen, beherrscht wird, da die Werke NICHT ALS WAREN GELAGERT WERDEN). Als minimale Absicht haben ihre Experimente eine Revolution des Verhaltens und einen dynamischen unitären Urbanismus vor, der dazu geeignet ist, sich auf der ganzen Welt auszudehnen, um dann über alle bewohnbaren Planeten verbreitet zu werden.
Gegen die einseitige Kunst wird die situationistische Kultur eine Kunst des Dialogs und der gegenseitigen Beeinflussung sein. Es ist jetzt schon so weit, dass die Künstler (und mit ihnen die ganze sichtbare Kultur) von der Gesellschaft vollkommen getrennt sind, wie sie auch untereinander durch Konkurrenz getrennt werden. Aber schon vor dieser Sackgasse des Kapitalismus war die Kunst im wesentlichen einseitig und ohne Reaktion. Sie wird über die abgeschlossene Ära ihres Primitivismus zugunsten einer vollständigen Kommunikation hinausgehen.
Da jeder zum Künstler auf einer höheren Ebene wird – d. h. auf untrennbare Weise zugleich zum Produzenten und Konsumenten einer totalen kulturellen Schöpfung – wohnt man einer schnellen Auflösung des linearen Wertmessers der Neuheit bei. Da jeder sozusagen zum Situationisten wird, wohnt man einer multidimensionalen Inflation der Tendenzen, der Experimente, der radikal verschiedenartigen ‘Schulen’ bei – NICHT MEHR NACHEINANDER, SONDERN GLEICH-ZEITIG.
Wir führen jetzt das ein, was historisch den letzte Beruf sein wird. Die Rolle des Situationisten, des Berufsamateurs, des Anti-Spezialisten bleibt noch eine Spezialisierung bis zur Zeit des ökonomischen und geistigen Überflusses, in der jeder zu einem solchen ‘Künstler’ wird, wie es den Künstlern nicht gelungen ist – für die Konstruktion seines eigenen Lebens. Der letzte Beruf der Geschichte steht der Gesellschaft ohne permanente Arbeitsteilung so nahe, dass der Titel eines Berufs ihm allgemein abgesprochen wird, wenn er in der S.I. in Erscheinung tritt.
Denjenigen, die uns nicht gut verstehen sollten, sagen wir mit trotziger Verachtung: „Die Situationisten, für deren Richter Ihr Euch vielleicht haltet, richten Euch früher oder später. Wir warten auf Euch an der nächsten Ecke – d. h. bei der unvermeidlichen Liquidierung der Welt der Beraubung in all ihren Formen. Das sind unsere Ziele, die die zukünftigen Ziele der Menschheit sein werden.“
Am 17. Mai 1960

Wiederabdruck
17 May 1960
reprinted in Internationale Situationniste #4 (June 1960)

Towards a Free Art School

admin — Thu, 12 Sep 2013 12:42:42 +0000

Words remain the work of the poet, his existence, his job.
B Innovation I
Destruction of WORDS for LETTERS
ISIDORE ISOU
Believes in the potential elevation beyond WORDS; wants the development of transmissions where nothing is lost in the process; offers a verb equal to a shock. By the overload of expansion the forms leap up by themselves.
ISIDORE ISOU
Begins the destruction of words for letters.
ISIDORE ISOU
Wants letters to pull in among themselves All desires.
ISIDORE ISOU
Makes people stop using foregone conclusions, words.
ISIDORE ISOU
Shows another way out between WORDS and RENUNCLATION.
LETTERS
He will create emotions against language, for the pleasure of the tongue. It consists of teaching that letters have a destinationother than words.
ISOU
Will unmake words into their letters.Each poet will integrate everything into Everything Everything must be revealed by letters.
POETRY CAN NO LONGER BE REMADE.

ISIDORE 1S0U IS STARTING
A NEW VEIN OF LYRICISM.

Anyone who can not leave words behind can stay back with them!

C Innovation II: The Order of Letters

This does not mean
destroying words for other words. Nor forging notions to specify their nuances. Nor mixing terms to make them hold more meaning. But it does mean TAKlNG ALL LETTERS AS A WHOLE; UNFOLDING BEFORE DAZZLED SPECTATORS MARVELS CREATED FROM LETTERS (DEBRIS FROM THE DESTRUCTION); CREATING AN ARCHITECTURE OF LETIRIC RHYTHMS;ACCUMULATING FLUCTUATING LETTERS IN A PRECISE FRAME;

Good Morning, I’m Doug Fishbone, and I have been invited to present on behalf of the Manifesto Club. There are quite a lot of people involved in the Manifesto Club, so they have jointly written this script and manifesto for me to transmit to you. Because usually, they communicate through discussions on the phone, via email and at evening meetings in pubs, which always takes more than 20 minutes [the length of each segment at the Manifesto Marathon].
This manifesto proposes A Free Art School. Art schools are where artists and art professionals develop their values and discourses. They are spaces that produce the ideas, visual languages and independent thinking of artists – art schools are where future art takes shape. So this manifesto is called Towards a Free Art School. It looks at what are the problems affecting art schools today, and suggests the kind of values that we think go towards what makes teaching art, and learning about art, a valuable thing to do. Education is about exchanging ideas with others – learning to learn and communicate for yourself. Art education works best when it focuses on encouraging people to make and organise things for themselves, rather than telling them what to do and speaking to them like this, from a podium, wearing a suit.
This manifesto, like many manifestos, is generated from people saying what doesn’t work, what does work and what could work. Towards a Free Art School has been put together by the Manifesto Club’s Artistic Autonomy Group – a group of artists, arts administrators, researchers and students who want to defend artistic freedom through campaigns for greater freedom in the arts, and against restrictive policies and practices. The Manifesto Club itself is formed of different self-organised groups, so before I present the manifesto Towards a Free Art School, I’m going to tell you a bit about the club. And I’m going to stop using ‘I’ now, and start using ‘we’, meaning the Manifesto Club.
The Manifesto Club is a humanist campaigning network based in London. The aim is to bring together individuals who believe in developing people’s creativity and knowledge. The Manifesto Club’s agenda is for a 21st-century Enlightenment, to build a future where human potential is developed to the fullest extent possible. At the current time, despite the significant achievements of the past two centuries, Western societies are gripped by a powerful mood of cultural pessimism, of suspicion towards science and technology, and a disturbing sense of self-doubt and misanthropy.
Across the world, there are new forms of prejudice and irrationalism, a growing attachment to identity politics and victim culture, fear for the future and the loss of belief in progress. That’s not a lot of fun.
The Manifesto Club invites all those who are concerned about these retrograde developments to collaborate in formulating positive alternatives. We want to reclaim the questioning and creative spirit of the Enlightenment, especially the idea that human beings can make their own history. This is not a call to go back in time – it is a call to recognise that each of us actively makes history. Most people have the strength and courage to think and act for themselves independently; that’s why we’re here this morning. The great German philosopher Immanuel Kant put it like this: ‘Enlightenment is humanity’s emergence from self-imposed immaturity. Dare to know! Have courage to use your own understanding!’ That was in 1784, when Francisco Goya was painting the fabulously rich and Jacques-Louis David was painting historic scenes. But even though so much has changed since then, each individual still needs to realise this courage for himself or herself. That’s also something that we need to realise in the way we think about organising society; and that includes art schools, which should be the first place to think about what art means and what art can do.
But art schools today seem to be in a lot of trouble. At a time when more students than ever are enrolling on Fine Art courses, and at a time when art has a higher cultural status than ever before, there’s a sense of confusion about the purpose and aspirations of learning about art. At first glance, the trouble in art schools seems to reflect the shift to a consumer-led culture in higher education, where budgets take priority over teaching: fewer tutors, teaching more students, for less time, in studios that shrink from one year to the next, with tutors spending time on assessment paperwork, time that could be better spent teaching students.
But it’s not simply a question of resources, it’s rather a question of how they are used. Whether art schools are publicly funded or privately funded – or whether you pay tuition fees or have them paid for – experimentation and exploration can’t happen if energy is wasted on administration and the continuous over-assessment of how art schools function. There are some who argue that without constant regulation and scrutiny, art schools would become the worst kind of anarchic free-for-all, as if artists themselves are too unreliable to teach or to organise themselves effectively.
Against this, we say: for a free art school, self-direction and organisational independence are essential. Artists need to be able to organise art schools the way they think is best. Trust artists to shape art schools for themselves, and they will do it. Use resources to make that happen, rather than to perpetuate time-consuming bureaucracy. This is what Richard Wentworth wrote, when we asked him about what goes into a good art school:

Art schools are made of people. Some mix of premises and gumption is the fire-lighter. It’s a sentient-being thing, not a correspondence course or a chat room. It needs buckets of goodwill and trust to work, because without, you can’t generate the essential atmosphere of vulnerability and the pleasure of risk. Lots of give equals lots of take equals a perpetual motion machine. Art schools are places of desire amid the occasional wonders of recognition. There needs to be openness to get the necessary frankness. The verb ‘to confide’ leads to the warm noun ‘confidence’. The useful people are probably often not artists in the hidebound sense. Reliability helps a lot if it doesn’t recoil into jobsworthiness. There are terrible models to witness. It can be contagious, so wear a mask. Cowards should not be tolerated. Art school should be a testing place, not an assault course.

Richard is right: art schools should be a testing ground. Yet increasingly, students are encouraged to adopt a pragmatic professionalism and so see art-making as a career like any other, spending time and energy proving themselves through modules on ‘professional development’. Rather than recognising their time at art school as a free-spirited and open-ended period of investigation, students are increasingly cautious and conservative in their attitude towards the education they receive, and the purpose it serves – preoccupied with perfecting their work as a product to be brought to the market when they leave. It’s a risk-averse approach that reinforces tried-and-tested habits and convention, both in art schools and the art world.
We say: reject art as a career-path, champion art as a space in which to challenge conventions. Art education should be a site of creative synergies and experimentation, free from career anxieties.
Currently, some fee-paying students in the UK are campaigning to be treated as if they were consumers of education. This ignores the noble history of free education and the idea that you go to university because you want to learn more. You are being trained to think – if you want to be trained to earn money, you can go to work or to business school but not art school.
Art’s history of experimentation and exploration is now comfortably assimilated into the norms of art-school education, and no longer appears as a challenge to either the commercial market or the culture of publicly funded art.
We say: learn to identify contemporary conventions and actively challenge them. Paradigms are there to be shifted.
The increased visibility of contemporary art does not reflect an increased confidence in art as a discipline, and in its potential. There is a narrowing of ambition that indicates a retreat of the adventurous avant-garde attitude toward art’s place in society. The idea that culture, in its most dynamic form, can contribute to our sense of what is progressive and valuable in human society, is something many are uncomfortable with declaring explicitly.
Why is it that such a forward-looking culture seems so difficult to achieve today? We think that the problems that affect art-school culture stem from today’s wider sense of unease and pessimism with regards to experimentation and change. Contemporary society’s risk-averse and bureaucratic culture has encroached on the ambitious, experimental and progressive spirit that informs the best art and art teaching. Let’s face it, if you can’t experiment with unsafe sex and smoking, and if even freedom of speech becomes a no-no, then the culture of art is bound to be constrained by society’s wider fears about honest disagreement and risk-taking.
We say: reclaim the spirit of risk and experimentation more broadly. Art is often concerned with the wilder reaches of knowledge and experience, which brings it into conflict with social and cultural norms. Questioning and challenging today’s conventional thinking shouldn’t stop at the door of the art gallery or the museum.
There is no text-book for how to be an artist. As a result, art-school training should be about the development of truly enquiring, independent subjects, whose formation cannot be simply defined by the assimilation and reproduction of pre-existing disciplines. Art is a mixed-up, multifaceted engagement with our living culture, and its truly creative edge is led by those who have the confidence and insight to push it beyond its conventional languages, forms and attitudes.
We say: celebrate the many forms of knowledge, both inside and outside of art.
Beyond the problems of funding and educational and cultural policy, we all need to rethink what it means to have a special place in which to develop the potential of the artistic imagination in all its social and cultural forms. A sense of risk, experimentation and unforeseen possibility isn’t something that you can just teach in lectures and seminars – it’s something that you make happen. Art thrives when it has a special place that connects with cultural and social life as something to be questioned and transformed. Art education needs a free space, with a sense of what might be achieved beyond the pre-existing frameworks of careers and institutions.
But this can only make sense if a society understands that exploring the unknown is a principle worth pursuing. Our society, however, seems more concerned with maintaining the stability of things as they are, rather than risking the consequences of any leap into the unknown. If this is the case, then artistic experimentation will always be constrained by the limits of the individual and by the pre-existing forms of commercial and institutional life. There may be a lot of fear and apathy out there right now, but there are also effective historical models, existing solutions, and a desire for change.
From the conversations we have had with a broad range of artists, teachers and students, there are a lot of good ideas out there. We need art schools with enough spaces for students to organise displays of their work and for established artists to be able to experiment. We need to get rid of the obsession with gaining a qualification and rethink the nature of assessment, so that free experimentation can happen without fear of failure. Overall, there needs to be more mentoring, more interdisciplinary research, more self-direction and more independence, so that the artists and thinkers who shape art now can share their knowledge with the next generation of artists.
Instead of accepting the limits of an individualised, professional and career-centred attitude to artistic practice, we can start to think about what a genuinely free art school might look like, what it teaches and where it leads, and how we might go about making it happen. Because in the end, the shape that a free art school takes is for all of us to decide.
You’ve been listening to me, Doug Fishbone, presenting the ideas of the Manifesto Club’s Artistic Autonomy Group.
Towards a Free Art School manifesto has been generated for the Serpentine Gallery Manifesto Marathon, and we are grateful to all the people who contributed, including Carolee Schneeman, who proposed this alternative art education premised on collective effort:
[What doesn’t work in art schools?] Their delusional attempt to provide a Utopic autonomous art school.
[What does work? And how could it work?] Art school classes will require student groups to research and locate small forms in need of seasonal labour. Art students become responsible to the art community and active within the forming community for six months of subsistence forming. The artists commit themselves to the full schedule of form demands: those repeated, constant labour-intensive and particular seasonal requirements. (Agricultural, dairy, fruits, vegetables, ploughing, planting, weeding, picking, harvesting, sorting, as well as possible milking, shovelling manure, turning compost, haying, combine preparation, feeding livestock, moving rocks, insulating coops, building shelters, assisting with artificial insemination (dairy), castration (pigs)).
At night or during work breaks, each artist maintains notes and drawings and possible photographs in a diary responding to the textures, aromas, light, shadow, mud, manure, grasses, water, etc. of their daily environment, which can include the organisation of their meals, sleeping provision, the hygiene of their accommodation, etc.

Wiederabdruck
Serpentine Gallery Manifesto Marathon, 2008.